BAYANIN GURBATAWAR GIDAN DA AKA AUNA
An auna ɗaruruwan sinadarai da ƙazanta a cikin mahalli na cikin gida. Manufar wannan sashe ita ce taƙaita bayanan da ake da su a kan abin da gurɓataccen abu ke samuwa a cikin gidaje da yawansu.
BAYANI AKAN ARZIKI NA GURBATA A GIDA
Barci da fallasa
Fitowa a cikin gidaje shine babban ɓangare na bayyanar da gurɓataccen iska da aka fuskanta tsawon rayuwar ɗan adam. Za su iya zama daga kashi 60 zuwa 95% na jimillar abubuwan da muke gani na rayuwa, wanda kashi 30% na faruwa lokacin da muke barci. Ana iya canza abubuwan da ke faruwa ta hanyar sarrafa tushen gurɓataccen abu, kawar da su a gida ko kamawa a wurin sakin, gabaɗayan samun iska tare da gurɓataccen iska, da tacewa da tsaftace iska. Bayyanar ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci ga gurɓataccen iska a cikin gida na iya haifar da haɗari ga matsanancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar haushi ko haɓakar cutar asma da alamun rashin lafiyan, ga cututtuka na yau da kullun kamar matsalolin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da na numfashi, kuma yana iya haɓaka haɗarin mutuwa da wuri. Akwai gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska da yawa a cikin gida, kamar phthalates a cikin ƙura mai ƙura da masu rushewar endocrin a cikin hasken rana, duk da haka tunda waɗannan ƙa'idodin iska ba su da tasiri, ba za a rufe su a cikin wannan Technote ba.
Cikin gida / waje
Abubuwan da ake nunawa a cikin gidaje suna da asali daban-daban. Abubuwan gurɓataccen iska da ke haifar da waɗancan abubuwan da ke bayyana suna da tushe a waje da cikin gida. Masu gurɓata yanayi waɗanda ke da tushe a waje suna shiga cikin ambulan gini ta hanyar tsagewa, ramuka, ramuka da ɗigogi, da kuma ta buɗe taga da tsarin samun iska. Bayyanawa ga waɗannan gurɓataccen abu kuma yana faruwa a waje amma suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da abubuwan da ake nunawa a cikin gida saboda yanayin ayyukan ɗan adam (Klepeis et al. 2001). Akwai maɓuɓɓugan gurɓataccen gida da yawa kuma. Tushen gurɓatawar cikin gida na iya fitowa akai-akai, lokaci-lokaci, da lokaci-lokaci. Tushen sun haɗa da kayan gida da kayayyaki, ayyukan ɗan adam, da konewa na cikin gida. Abubuwan da ke faruwa ga waɗannan maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen abu suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin gida.
Maɓuɓɓugan gurɓatawar waje
Babban tushen gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka samo asali daga waje sun haɗa da konewar mai, zirga-zirga, sauyin yanayi, da ayyukan ciyayi. Misalan gurɓataccen abu da ake fitarwa saboda waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta, gami da pollen; nitrogen oxides; kwayoyin halitta kamar toluene, benzene, xylenes da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; da ozone da samfuransa. Misali na musamman na gurɓataccen da ke da asalin waje shine radon, iskar iskar rediyo ta halitta da ke fitowa daga wasu ƙasa waɗanda ke ratsa tsarin gini ta hanyar fasa a cikin ambulaf da sauran wuraren buɗe ido. Haɗarin fallasa ga radon shine yanayin dogara ga wuri zuwa tsarin yanayin wurin da aka gina ginin. Ba za a tattauna rage radon ba a jikin TechNote na yanzu. Hanyoyi don rage radon, masu zaman kansu ba tare da ka'idodin samun iska ba, an bincika su sosai a wani wuri (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Babban tushen gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke da asali na cikin gida sun haɗa da mutane (misali bioefluents) da ayyukansu masu alaƙa da tsafta (misali amfani da samfuran iska), tsaftace gida (misali amfani da chlorinated da sauran samfuran tsaftacewa), shirya abinci (misali ɓarnar da ake fitarwa) da sauransu. .; Kayayyakin ginin gine-gine da suka haɗa da kayan daki da kayan ado (misali iskar formaldehyde daga kayan daki); shan taba da hanyoyin konewa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma dabbobin gida (misali allergens). Rashin sarrafa kayan aiki kamar iskar iskar da ba ta dace ba ko tsarin dumama na iya zama mahimmin tushen gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka samo asali a cikin gida.
Tushen gurbacewar cikin gida
An taƙaita abubuwan ƙazantar da aka auna a cikin gidaje a cikin waɗannan abubuwan don gano waɗanda suka kasance a ko'ina, da waɗanda ke da ma'auni mafi girma da ƙima. Ana amfani da alamomi guda biyu da ke kwatanta matakin gurɓataccen abu don magance abubuwan da ke faruwa na yau da kullun da na gaggawa. A mafi yawan lokuta ana auna bayanan da aka auna ta adadin ma'auni wanda a yawancin lokuta yana cikin adadin gidaje. Zaɓin ya dogara ne akan bayanan da Logue et al ya ruwaito. (2011a) wanda ya sake nazarin rahotanni 79 kuma ya tattara bayanai gami da taƙaitaccen ƙididdiga ga kowane gurɓataccen abu da aka ruwaito a cikin waɗannan rahotanni. An kwatanta bayanan Logue tare da 'yan rahotanni da aka buga daga baya (Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer da Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer da Beko 2015).
BAYANI AKAN FALALAR FUSKA/DASHI
Wasu yanayi a cikin gida, misali matakan zafi da yawa waɗanda iskar iska ke tasiri, na iya haifar da haɓakar ƙira wanda zai iya fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ya haɗa da mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, allergens, fungi da gyaggyarawa, da sauran gurɓatattun halittu, nau'ikan yaduwa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Abubuwan da ke cikin danshi a cikin iska (danshi na dangi) wani muhimmin wakili ne wanda ke gyara abubuwan da muke nunawa a cikin gidaje. Danshin baya kuma bai kamata a yi la'akari da shi azaman gurɓataccen abu ba. Duk da haka, maɗaukaki ko ƙananan matakan zafi na iya canza fallasa da/ko na iya fara aiwatar da matakai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɓakar matakan bayyanawa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a yi la'akari da zafi a cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin gidaje da lafiya. Mutane da ayyukansu a cikin gida galibi sune tushen tushen danshi a cikin gida sai dai idan babu wasu manyan kurakuran ginin da ke haifar da ɗigogi ko shigar da ɗanshi daga iskar. Hakanan ana iya shigar da danshi a cikin gida ta hanyar shigar da iska ko ta hanyar keɓewar tsarin samun iska
IYAKACIN BAYANI AKAN HANYOYIN TUSHEN GUDANARWA
Nazarin da yawa sun auna yawan gurɓataccen iska a cikin gida. Mafi yawan abubuwan da aka auna ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta [wanda aka tara kuma an ba da umarni ta adadin bincike a cikin tsari mai saukowa] sune: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m, p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] da [acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether]. Tebu na 1 yana nuna zaɓin mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa daga Logue et al (2011), binciken da ya tattara bayanai daga nazarin 77 waɗanda ke auna gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska a cikin gidaje a cikin ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu. Tebu 1 yana ba da rahoton ma'auni mai ma'auni mai ma'ana da kuma 95th na maida hankali daga binciken da ake da shi na kowane mai gurɓataccen abu. Ana iya kwatanta waɗannan matakan tare da auna ma'auni na jimlar mahaɗar kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa (TVOCs) wani lokaci ana ba da rahoto ta hanyar binciken da ke yin ma'auni a cikin gine-gine. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan daga kayan gini na Sweden suna nuna matakan TVOC a 140 zuwa 270 μg/m3 (Langer and Becko 2013). An gabatar da yuwuwar tushen mahaɗan ma'auni masu canzawa a ko'ina da mahaɗan da ke da mafi girman maida hankali a cikin Table 4.
Tebur 1: VOCs da aka auna a cikin wuraren zama tare da mafi girman ma'ana da 95th maida hankali a cikin μg/m³ (bayanai daga Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Mafi yawan abubuwan da aka fi sani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (SVOCs) [wanda aka haɗa da kuma ba da umurni ta yawan binciken a cikin tsari mai saukowa] sune: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) ciki har da PBDE100, PBDE99, da PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo (a) pyrene, da indeno (1,2,3, cd) pyrene. Hakanan akwai wasu SVOC da yawa waɗanda aka auna ciki har da phthalate esters da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. amma saboda rikitattun buƙatun nazari ba koyaushe ake auna su ba don haka ana ba da rahoton lokaci-lokaci kawai. Tebura 2 yana nuna zaɓin mahaɗaɗɗen ma'auni na ma'auni tare da ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'auni na ma'auni daga duk binciken da ake da shi kuma tare da mafi girman maida hankali na sama-sama tare da rahoton rahoton matakin. Ana iya lura cewa abubuwan da aka tattara sun kasance aƙalla tsari ɗaya na girman ƙasa fiye da yanayin VOCs. Ana gabatar da yuwuwar tushen mahaɗan mahaɗaɗɗen ƙwayoyin cuta na gama gari da mahaɗan da ke da mafi girman taro a cikin Table 4.
Tebura 2: SVOCs da aka auna a cikin wuraren zama tare da mafi girman ma'ana da matsakaicin matsakaici (mafi girman ma'auni) a cikin μg / m3 (bayanai daga Logue et al., 2011) 1,2
Teburin 3 yana nuna ma'auni da kashi 95 na sauran gurɓatattun abubuwan da suka haɗa da carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), da takamaiman al'amari (PM) suna da girman juzu'i ƙasa da 2.5 μm (PM2.5) da ultrafine barbashi (UFP) tare da Girman ƙasa da 0.1 μm, haka kuma sulfur hexafluoride (SO2) da ozone (O3). An ba da tushen yuwuwar waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin Tebura 4.
Tebura 3: Tattaunawar abubuwan da aka zaɓa waɗanda aka auna a cikin wuraren zama a cikin μg/m3 (bayanai daga Logue et al. (2011a) da Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Hoto 2: Mold a cikin gidan wanka
Maɓuɓɓugan gurɓatattun halittu
An auna gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa a cikin gidaje musamman a cikin nazarin ƙura da danshi a cikin gidajen da ke da alaƙa da yaduwar fungi da ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma sakin allergens da mycotoxins. Misalai sun haɗa da Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β-d glucans. Kasancewar dabbobin gida ko yaɗuwar kurar gida na iya haifar da haɓakar matakan allergens. Yawanci na cikin gida da yawa na fungi a cikin gidaje a Amurka, UK da Ostiraliya an gansu ya kewayo daga 102 zuwa 103 na mulkin mallaka (CFU) a kowace m3 kuma har zuwa 103 zuwa 105 CFU/m3 a cikin wuraren da aka lalace musamman danshi (McLaughlin 2013). Matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan allergens kare (Can f 1) da cat allergens (Fel d 1) a cikin gidajen Faransanci sun kasance ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigewa bi da bi 1.02 ng/m3 da 0.18 ng/m3 yayin da kashi 95% maida hankali ya kasance 1.6 ng/m3 da 2.7 ng/m3 bi da bi (Kirchner et al. 2009). Allergens na mite a cikin katifa da aka auna a cikin gidaje 567 a Faransa sun kasance 2.2 μg/g da 1.6 μg/g don Der f 1 da Der p 1 allergens, yayin da matakan kashi 95% daidai da kashi 83.6 μg/g da 32.6 μg/g (Kirchner) da 2009). Tebur na 4 yana nuna manyan hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da zaɓaɓɓun gurɓataccen abu da aka jera a sama. Ana bambanta, idan zai yiwu, ko tushen yana cikin gida ko a waje. A bayyane yake cewa gurɓatattun gidaje sun samo asali ne daga wurare da yawa kuma zai zama da wahala a gano tushe ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda ke da alhakin haɓakar bayyanar.
Shafi na 4: Manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin gidaje tare da tushen tushensu masu alaƙa; (O) yana nuna tushen da ke waje da (I) tushen da ke cikin gida
Hoto na 3: Fenti na iya zama tushen gurɓata yanayi daban-daban
