Juya baya na iya haifar da ta'aziyya da matsalolin IAQ
Mutane suna ciyar da mafi yawan lokutan su a wuraren zama (Klepeis et al. 2001), suna sa ingancin iska na cikin gida yana ƙara damuwa. An fahimci cewa nauyin lafiyar lafiyar iska na cikin gida yana da mahimmanci (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005). An saita ma'aunin iskar iska na yanzu don kare lafiya da samar da ta'aziyya ga mazauna, amma yawancin sun dogara kacokan akan hukuncin injiniya saboda ƙarancin kasancewar hujjar kimiyya. Wannan sashe zai bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na yanzu da yuwuwar don ƙididdige yawan magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don isar da iskar gas da kuma ba da bayyani na mahimman matakan da ake da su.
RUWAN DAN ADAM DA KARBAN DIOXIDE
Pettenkofer Zahl tushe don ma'auni na samun iska
Sweating da alama shine babban tushen warin jiki wanda ke tantance ingancin iskar cikin gida (Gids and Wouters, 2008). Ƙanshi yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi, saboda ana ganin ingancin iska mai kyau a matsayin rashin wari. A lokuta da yawa mazauna wurin sun saba da warin da wani zai iya gane shi da kyau ta hanyar shiga ɗakin. Za a iya amfani da hukuncin gwajin gwajin ziyara (Fanger et al. 1988) don tantance tsananin wari.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) ba babban direban lafiya bane don isar da iskar cikin gida a cikin gidaje. CO2 alama ce ga illolin halittu na mutane kuma yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da ɓarnar wari. CO2 ya kasance tushen kusan dukkanin buƙatun samun iska a cikin gine-gine tun daga aikin Pettenkofer (1858). Ya gane cewa yayin da CO2 ba shi da lahani a matakan cikin gida na yau da kullun kuma mutane ba za su iya gano su ba, gurɓataccen abu ne da za a iya aunawa cewa za a iya ƙirƙira ma'aunin iska a kusa. Daga wannan binciken, ya ba da shawarar abin da ake kira "PettekoferZahl" na 1000 ppm a matsayin matsakaicin matakin CO2 don hana wari daga tasirin ɗan adam. Ya ɗauka a waje maida hankali ne game da 500 ppm. Ya ba da shawarar iyakance bambanci a cikin CO2 tsakanin ciki da waje zuwa 500 ppm. Wannan yayi daidai da yawan yawo na balagaggu na kusan 10 dm3/s kowane mutum. Wannan adadin har yanzu shine tushen buƙatun samun iska a ƙasashe da yawa. Daga baya Yaglou (1937), Bouwman (1983), Kayinu (1983) da Fanger (1988) sun gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan tsarin “ƙamshin ƙamshi” na iskar iska wanda ya dogara da CO2 a matsayin alama.
Gabaɗaya ana amfani da iyakokin CO2 a cikin sarari (Gids 2011)
Tebur: Gabaɗaya ana amfani da iyakokin CO2 a cikin sarari (Gids 2011)
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa CO2 da kanta na iya yin tasiri ga ayyukan fahimi na mutane (Satish et al. 2012). Idan aikin mutane shine mafi mahimmancin ma'auni a cikin ɗakuna kamar azuzuwa, ɗakunan karatu har ma a wasu lokuta wuraren zama, matakan CO2 yakamata su ƙayyade matakin samun iska maimakon damuwa da/ko ta'aziyya. Domin haɓaka ma'auni dangane da CO2 don aikin fahimi, dole ne a kafa matakin karɓuwa na fallasa. Dangane da wannan binciken, kiyaye matakin kusa da 1000 ppm ya bayyana ba shi da wani lahani akan aiki (Satish et al. 2012)
GASKIYAR MATSALAR HANYAR HANKALI NA GABA
HANKALI DON LAFIYA
Ana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa a ciki ko kuma su shiga cikin sararin da mazauna ke shaka su. Samun iska yana ba da zaɓi ɗaya don cire abubuwan ƙazanta don rage fallasa ko dai ta hanyar kawar da gurɓataccen abu a tushe, kamar tare da murfi na dafa abinci, ko ta hanyar diluted iska a cikin gida ta hanyar samun iska gabaɗayan gida. Samun iska ba shine kawai zaɓin sarrafawa don rage fiddawa ba kuma maiyuwa ba shine kayan aikin da ya dace ba a yanayi da yawa.
Domin zayyana dabarun sarrafa iska ko gurɓataccen yanayi bisa lafiya, dole ne a sami cikakkiyar fahimta game da gurɓataccen abu don sarrafawa, tushe na cikin gida da ƙarfin tushen waɗannan gurɓatattun, da matakan karɓuwa na fallasa a cikin gida. Ayyukan Haɗin gwiwar Turai sun haɓaka hanya don ƙayyade buƙatun samun iska don cimma kyakkyawan ingancin iska na cikin gida a matsayin aikin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Mafi mahimmancin gurɓataccen abu a cikin gida
Abubuwan gurɓata da ke bayyana suna haifar da haɗarin lafiya na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da fallasa iskar cikin gida sune:
• Kyawawan barbashi (PM2.5)
• hayakin taba na hannu na biyu (SHS)
• Radon
• Ozone
• Formaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Abubuwan gurɓata yanayi/danshi
A halin yanzu babu isassun bayanai game da ƙarfin tushe da takamaiman gudummawar tushe don fallasa a cikin gidaje don ƙirƙira ma'auni na samun iska dangane da lafiya. Akwai gagarumin sauye-sauye a cikin sifofin tushe daga gida zuwa gida kuma ƙimar iskar da ta dace don gida na iya buƙatar ɗaukar tushen cikin gida da halayen mazaunin cikin la'akari. Wannan yanki ne mai gudana na bincike. Matsayin samun iska na gaba na iya dogara da sakamakon lafiya don kafa isassun ƙimar iskar iska.
HANKALI DON TA'AZIYYA
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, wari na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jin dadi da jin dadi. Wani bangare na ta'aziyya shine ta'aziyyar thermal. Samun iska na iya rinjayar yanayin zafi ta hanyar jigilar sanyaya,
iska mai zafi, humidified ko busasshiyar iska. Tashin hankali da saurin iskar da iskar iska ke haifarwa na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin zafi da ake gani. Babban kutsawa ko canjin iska na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi (Liddament 1996).
Lissafin adadin iskar da ake buƙata don jin daɗi da lafiya yana buƙatar hanyoyi daban-daban. Samun iska don ta'aziyya yawanci ya dogara ne akan rage wari da kuma kula da zafin jiki / danshi, yayin da lafiyar jiki dabarar ta dogara ne akan rage abubuwan da ake nunawa. Shawarar ƙa'idodin aikin haɗin gwiwa (CEC 1992) shine a ƙididdige adadin iskar da ake buƙata don ta'aziyya da lafiya. Ya kamata a yi amfani da mafi girman ƙimar iska don ƙira.
MATSALOLIN HANYAR HANKALI
MATSALAR HANYAR HANKALI A AMEKA: ASHRAE 62.2
Societyungiyar dumama ta Amurka ta dumama. ASHRAE ta haɓaka daidaitattun 62.2 "Hanyar iska da Ƙarƙwarar iska ta cikin gida mai karɓuwa a cikin Ƙananan Gine-ginen Gida" don magance matsalolin iska na cikin gida (IAQ) (ASHRAE 2010). Yanzu ana buƙatar ASHRAE 62.2 a wasu ƙa'idodin gini, kamar taken California na 24, kuma ana ɗaukarsa azaman ƙa'idar aiki a yawancin shirye-shiryen ingantaccen makamashi da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke horarwa da tabbatar da ƴan kwangilar aikin gida. Ma'auni yana ƙayyadad da jimlar yawan iskar iska na matakin zama a matsayin aikin yanki na bene (madaidaicin hayaki) da adadin ɗakunan dakuna (ma'auni don hayaƙin da ke da alaƙa) kuma yana buƙatar gidan wanka da masu shaye-shaye. Maƙasudin ma'auni gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa shine jimlar yawan iskar iska. Wannan annashuwa an dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa haɗari a cikin gida ana haifar da su ta hanyar ci gaba da fitarwa, kafofin da aka rarraba kamar su formaldehyde daga kayan daki da bioeffluuent (ciki har da wari) daga mutane. Matsayin da ake buƙata na gabaɗayan iskar injuna na wurin zama ya dogara ne akan mafi kyawun hukuncin masana a fagen, amma bai dogara da kowane bincike na yawan gurɓataccen sinadari ko wasu abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya ba.
MATSALAR HANYAR HANYAR TURAI
Akwai ma'auni iri-iri na samun iska a cikin ƙasashen Turai daban-daban. Dimitroulopoulou (2012) yana ba da bayyani na ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a cikin tsarin tebur don ƙasashe 14 (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Faransa, Jamus, Girka, Italiya, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) tare da bayanin nazarce-nazarce da ma'auni da aka yi a kowace ƙasa. Duk žasashe sun kayyade farashin yawo don dukan gida ko takamaiman dakunan gidan. An ayyana tafiyar iska a aƙalla ma'auni ɗaya don ɗakuna masu zuwa: falo, ɗakin kwana, kicin, gidan wanka, bayan gida Yawancin ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska ne kawai don rukunin dakuna.
Tushen buƙatun samun iska ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa tare da buƙatu dangane da adadin mutane, yankin bene, adadin ɗakuna, nau'in ɗaki, nau'in naúrar ko wasu haɗin waɗannan abubuwan shigar. Brelih da Olli (2011) sun haɗu da ƙa'idodin samun iska don ƙasashe 16 na Turai (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Jamus, Finland, Faransa, Girka, Hungary, Italiya, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom). Sun yi amfani da saitin madaidaitan gidaje don kwatanta sakamakon canjin iskar (AERs) da aka ƙididdige su daga waɗannan ma'auni. Sun kwatanta adadin kwararar iska da ake buƙata don dukan gidan da samun iskar ɗawainiya. Matsakaicin adadin iskar gida da ake buƙata ya tashi daga 0.23-1.21 ACH tare da mafi girman ƙima a cikin Netherlands kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a Bulgaria.
Matsakaicin adadin sharar kaho daga 5.6-41.7 dm3/s.
Matsakaicin adadin shaye-shaye daga bayan gida sun kasance daga 4.2-15 dm3/s.
Matsakaicin adadin shaye-shaye daga gidan wanka sun kasance daga 4.2-21.7 dm3/s.
Da alama akwai daidaiton daidaito tsakanin mafi yawan ma'auni cewa ana buƙatar adadin iskar gida gabaɗaya tare da ƙarin ƙarin matakan samun iska don ɗakuna inda ayyukan fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu zai iya faruwa, irin su dafa abinci da dakunan wanka, ko kuma inda mutane ke ciyar da mafi yawan lokutansu, irin wannan. a matsayin falo da dakuna.
Ma'aunin AIKI
Sabon ginin gida da alama an gina shi don biyan buƙatun da aka kayyade a ƙasar da aka gina gidan a ciki. An zaɓi na'urorin samun iska waɗanda suka dace da farashin yawo da ake buƙata. Fiye da na'urar da aka zaɓa za a iya shafan ƙimar kwarara. Matsi na baya daga huɗar da aka haɗe zuwa fan ɗin da aka bayar, shigar da ba daidai ba da kuma masu tacewa na iya haifar da faɗuwar aikin fan. A halin yanzu babu buƙatun ƙaddamarwa a cikin ƙa'idodin Amurka ko Turai. Kwamishina wajibi ne a Sweden tun 1991. Kwamishina shine tsarin auna ainihin aikin ginin don sanin ko sun cika buƙatu (Stratton and Wray 2013). Aiwatar da aiki yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma ana iya ɗaukar shi haramun ne tsada. Saboda rashin ƙaddamarwa, ainihin magudanar ruwa ba zai iya cika ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga ko ƙididdiga ba. Stratton et al (2012) sun auna yawan yawo a cikin gidaje 15 na California, Amurka kuma sun gano cewa 1 ne kawai ya hadu da ASHRAE 62.2 Standard gaba daya. Ma'auni a fadin Turai kuma sun nuna cewa gidaje da yawa sun kasa cika ka'idojin da aka tsara (Dimitroulopoulou 2012). Ya kamata a yi yuwuwar ƙara ƙaddamarwa zuwa ƙa'idodin da ake da su don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodi a cikin gidaje.
Labarin Asali
