NANA O NA POLUTA MA NA HOME I ANA
Ua ana ʻia he mau haneli kemika a me nā mea haumia i loko o ka hale noho o loko. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia ʻāpana, ʻo ia ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i nā mea haumia i loko o nā hale a me kā lākou ʻike.
KA IKE NO KA PAPAIA O NA PONO MA NA HOME
ʻO ka moe a me ka ʻike
ʻO nā hōʻike i loko o nā hale ka hapa nui o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia ea ea i ʻike ʻia i ke ola kanaka. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo mai 60 a 95% o kā mākou hōʻike ʻana i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ka 30% i ka wā e hiamoe ai mākou. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā hōʻike ma ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kumu o nā mea haumia, kā lākou hoʻoneʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka paʻa ʻana ma kahi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka ea maʻamau me ka ea haumia ʻole, a me ka kānana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ea. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā pōkole a me ka wā lōʻihi i nā mea haumia ea i loko o ka hale hiki ke hana i nā pilikia no nā pilikia olakino e like me ka huhū a i ʻole ka hōʻeha ʻana o ka hānō a me nā hōʻailona allergy, no nā maʻi mau e like me nā pilikia cardiovascular a me ka hanu, a hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pilikia no ka make mua. Nui nā mea haumia nonairborne i loko o ka ʻāina i loko, e like me nā phthalates i ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā mea hoʻopau endocrine i ka pale lā, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia kēia mau mea e nā kūlana ea, ʻaʻole lākou e uhi ʻia i kēia Technote.
Loko / waho
He ʻokoʻa ke kumu o nā ʻike ma nā hale. ʻO nā mea haumia ea e hoʻokumu nei i kēia mau hōʻike ʻana he kumu ma waho a ma loko. Komo nā mea haumia i waho i ka enveloppi hale ma o nā māwae, nā āwāwa, nā puka a me nā leaks, a me nā puka makani hāmama a me nā ʻōnaehana ea. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau mea haumia aia ma waho akā ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i loko o ka hale ma muli o nā ʻano hana kanaka (Klepeis et al. 2001). Nui nā kumu hoʻohaumia i loko. Hiki i nā kumu haumia o loko ke hoʻokuʻu mau, episodically, a me kēlā me kēia manawa. Aia nā kumu i nā lako hale a me nā huahana, nā hana kanaka, a me ka puhi ʻana i loko. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i kēia mau kumu haumia i loko wale nō.
Nā kumu hoʻohaumia waho
ʻO nā kumu nui o nā mea haumia i puka mai i waho, ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā wahie, ke kaʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lewa, a me nā hana mea kanu o nā mea kanu. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea haumia i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o kēia mau kaʻina hana e komo pū me nā ʻāpana, me nā pollen; naikokene oxides; nā mea kino e like me toluene, benzene, xylenes a me polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; a me ka ozone a me kāna mau huahana. ʻO kahi laʻana kikoʻī o ka mea haumia i puka mai i waho ʻo radon, kahi kinoea radioactive maoli i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai kekahi mau lepo e komo ana i ka hale ma o nā māwae o ka envelopp a me nā puka ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka radon kahi kūlana pili i ke ʻano o ke kahua o ke kahua i kūkulu ʻia ai ka hale. ʻAʻole e kūkākūkā ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana o Radon i ke kino o kēia TechNote. ʻO nā ala no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka radon, kūʻokoʻa i nā kūlana ventilation, ua noiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). ʻO nā kumu kumu nui o nā mea haumia i loko o ka hale, ʻo ia nā kānaka (e laʻa i nā bioeffluents) a me kā lākou mau hana e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe (e laʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huahana aerosol), ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale (e laʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorinated a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe), ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka meaʻai (e laʻa me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu), etc. .; nā mea hana hale e like me nā lako a me nā mea hoʻonani (e laʻa me ka puka formaldehyde mai nā lako hale); ka puhi paka a me ka puhi ahi i loko o ka hale, a me nā holoholona (e laʻa me nā allergens). ʻO ka lawelawe hewa ʻole ʻana i nā mea hoʻokomo e like me ka mālama pono ʻole ʻana a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana hiki ke lilo i kumu nui o nā mea haumia i puka mai i loko o ka hale.
Nā kumu hoʻohaumia o loko
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā mea haumia i ana ʻia i loko o nā hale ma lalo nei e ʻike ai i nā mea i loaʻa ma nā wahi a pau, a me nā mea i ana ʻia i ke ana kiʻekiʻe loa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hōʻailona ʻelua e wehewehe ana i ka pae pollution no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā hōʻike maʻi maʻi a me ka nui. I ka nui o nā hihia, ua kaupaona ʻia ka ʻikepili i ana ʻia e ka helu o nā ana i nā manawa he nui i ka helu o nā hale. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke koho ma ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia e Logue et al. (2011a) nāna i nānā i nā hōʻike 79 a i hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻikepili me nā helu helu hōʻuluʻulu no kēlā me kēia mea haumia i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia mau hōʻike. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili o Logue me nā hōʻike liʻiliʻi i paʻi ʻia ma hope (Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer and Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer and Beko 2015).
ʻIkepili no ka laha ʻana o ka moule/moisture
ʻO kekahi mau kūlana i loko o ka hale, e laʻa me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ea, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka polū e hoʻokuʻu i nā mea haumia e pili ana i nā pūhui organik, nā mea ʻala, nā allergens, nā haʻani a me nā polu, a me nā mea haumia ola ʻē aʻe, nā ʻano lele a me nā pathogens. ʻO ka makū ma ka lewa (relative humidity) he mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻololi i kā mākou hōʻike i nā hale. ʻAʻole pono a ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea haumia. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā pae haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa paha ke hoʻololi i nā hōʻike a/a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻomaka i nā kaʻina hana i hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pae kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ia ke kumu e noʻonoʻo ʻia ai ka haʻahaʻa i ka pōʻaiapili o nā hōʻike i nā hale a me ke olakino. ʻO nā kānaka a me kā lākou mau hana i loko o ka hale ke kumu nui o ka makū i loko o ka hale inā ʻaʻole he mau hemahema o ke kūkulu ʻana e hoʻoheheʻe a komo paha i ka wai mai ka ea. Hiki ke lawe ʻia ka wai i loko o ka hale ma ke komo ʻana i ka ea a i ʻole ma o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaʻa hoʻolaʻa
KA IKE LIMITA NO NA HOOMAEMAE ELELE
Ua ana kekahi mau haʻawina i ka nui o nā mea haumia ea i loko o nā hale noho. ʻO nā pūhui mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻemaʻe loa i ana ʻia [i hui ʻia a kauoha ʻia e ka helu o nā haʻawina ma ka ʻaoʻao iho]: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4 -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] a me [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui mea hoʻoheheʻe mai Logue et al (2011), kahi noiʻi i hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻikepili mai nā haʻawina 77 i ana i nā mea haumia non-biological i ka lewa i nā hale ma nā ʻāina ʻoihana. Hōʻike ka papa 1 i ka ʻike paona-mean a me ka 95th percentile o nā haʻawina i loaʻa no kēlā me kēia mea haumia. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau pae me ke ana ʻana o ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (TVOCs) i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa e nā haʻawina e ana ana i nā hale. ʻO nā hōʻike hou mai ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hale kūʻai Kuekene ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā pae TVOC ma 140 a 270 μg/m3 (Langer and Becko 2013). Hōʻike ʻia nā kumu kūpono o nā mea hoʻohuihui mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau a me nā pūhui me ka ʻoi loa o ka ʻike ma ka Papa 4.
Papa 1: Ana ʻia nā VOC ma nā wahi noho me ka mean kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka 95th percentile concentration ma μg/m³ (ka ʻikepili mai Logue et al., 2011)1,2
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui kino semi-volatile loa (SVOCs) [hui ʻia a kauoha ʻia e ka helu o nā haʻawina ma ka papa iho] ʻo ia: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) me PBDE100, PBDE99, a me PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a)pyrene, a me indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Nui nō hoʻi nā SVOC ʻē aʻe i ana ʻia me nā esters phthalate a me polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. akā, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka noiʻi noiʻi ʻaʻole lākou i ana mau ʻia a no laila hōʻike ʻia i kekahi manawa wale nō. Hōʻike ka Papa 2 i ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻohuihui semi-volatile me ke ana ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ana ʻana mai nā haʻawina i loaʻa a me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka pae kiʻekiʻe me ka pae hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hōʻike ʻia. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hoʻokahi ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui ma mua o ka VOC. Hōʻike ʻia nā kumu kūpono o nā mea hoʻohuihui semi-volatile maʻamau a me nā pūhui me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka Papa 4.
Papa 2: Ana ʻia nā SVOC ma nā wahi noho me ka mean kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe (ke ana kiʻekiʻe) i ka μg/m3 (ka ʻikepili mai Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Hōʻike ka Papa 3 i ka ʻike a me ka 95th percentile no nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe e like me carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), a me kekahi mea kūikawā (PM) i loaʻa ka hapa nui ma lalo o 2.5 μm (PM2.5) a me nā ʻāpana ultrafine (UFP) me ka ka nui haʻahaʻa i ka 0.1 μm, a me ka sulfur hexafluoride (SO2) a me ka ozone (O3). Hāʻawi ʻia nā kumu kumu o kēia mau mea haumia ma ka Papa 4.
Papa 3: Hoʻohui ʻia o nā mea haumia i koho ʻia ma nā wahi noho ma μg/m3 (ka ʻikepili mai Logue et al. (2011a) a me Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Kiʻi 2: Mold i loko o ka lumi ʻauʻau
Nā kumu hoʻohaumia olaola
Ua nui nā mea haumia olaola i ana ʻia i loko o nā hale, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka makū i nā hale e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka fungal a me ka hana bacteria a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā allergens a me nā mycotoxins. ʻO nā laʻana he Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β–d glucans. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā holoholona a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mites lepo hale hiki ke hopena i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā allergens. Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā haʻuki maʻamau i loko o nā hale ma US, UK a me Australia mai ka 102 a 103 colony forming units (CFU) no ka m3 a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 103 a 105 CFU/m3 i nā wahi i hoʻopōʻino ʻia (McLaughlin 2013). ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe median o nā ʻīlio allergens (Can f 1) a me nā pōpoki pōpoki (Fel d 1) ma nā hale Palani aia ma lalo o ka palena o ka helu ʻana i kēlā me kēia 1.02 ng/m3 a me 0.18 ng/m3 aʻo 95% ka nui o ka pākēneka he 1.6 ng/m3 a me 2.7 ng/m3 (Kirchner et al. 2009). ʻO nā allergens mite i loko o ka moena i ana ʻia ma 567 mau hale ma Farani he 2.2 μg/g a me 1.6 μg/g no Der f 1 a me Der p 1 allergens pākahi, ʻoiai ʻo 95% percentile pae e pili ana he 83.6 μg/g a me 32.6 μg/g (Kirchner et al. 2009). Hōʻike ka Papa 4 i nā kumu nui e pili ana i nā mea haumia i koho ʻia ma luna. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, inā hiki, inā aia nā kumu i loko a i waho paha. ʻIke ʻia ʻo nā mea haumia i loko o nā hale ke kumu mai nā kumu he nui a he mea paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha kumu ke kumu nui o nā hōʻike kiʻekiʻe.
Papa 4: ʻO nā mea haumia nui ma nā hale me nā kumu pili i ko lākou kumu; (O) hōʻike i nā kumu i waho a me (I) nā kumu i loko
Kiʻi 3: Hiki i ka pena ke kumu o nā mea haumia like ʻole
