COV LUS TSEEM CEEB NTAWM POLLUTANTS hauv tsev uas tau ntsuas
Pua pua ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov pa phem tau raug ntsuas nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob sab hauv tsev. Lub hom phiaj ntawm ntu no yog los sau cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm txog cov pa phem uas muaj nyob hauv tsev thiab lawv qhov ntau npaum li cas.
COV NTAUB NTAWV YUAV TSUM TAU TXAIS NTAWM POLLUTANTS hauv tsev
Pw tsaug zog thiab raug
Kev nthuav tawm hauv tsev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov pa phem hauv huab cua uas dhau los ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Lawv tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm 60 mus rau 95% ntawm peb lub neej tag nrho, ntawm 30% tshwm sim thaum peb tsaug zog. Kev nthuav tawm tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm kev tswj cov khoom muaj kuab paug, tshem tawm lawv lub zos los yog ntxiab ntawm qhov chaw tso tawm, qhov cua dav dav nrog cov pa tsis muaj pa phem, thiab pom thiab ntxuav cov huab cua. Lub sij hawm luv thiab ntev raug rau cov pa phem hauv tsev tuaj yeem tsim kev pheej hmoo rau cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv xws li khaus lossis ua rau mob hawb pob thiab ua xua, rau cov kab mob ntev xws li mob plawv thiab ua pa, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tuag ntxov ntxov. Muaj ntau cov pa phem uas tsis yog huab cua nyob hauv ib puag ncig sab hauv, xws li phthalates hauv cov plua plav thiab cov kab mob endocrine cuam tshuam hauv cov tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub, txawm li cas los xij vim tias cov no tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm cov qauv cua, lawv yuav tsis them rau hauv Technote no.
Sab hauv / sab nraum zoov
Kev nthuav tawm hauv tsev muaj keeb kwm sib txawv. Cov pa phem hauv huab cua uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim no muaj qhov chaw sab nraum zoov thiab sab hauv tsev. Cov pa phem uas muaj qhov chaw sab nraum zoov nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev hnab ntawv los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb, qhov khoob, qhov qhib thiab qhov xau, nrog rau los ntawm cov qhov rais qhib thiab qhov cua. Kev nthuav tawm rau cov pa phem no kuj tshwm sim sab nraum zoov tab sis muaj sijhawm luv dua li qhov tshwm sim hauv tsev vim yog tib neeg kev ua ub no (Klepeis li al. 2001). Muaj ntau qhov chaw muaj kuab paug sab hauv tsev thiab. Cov pa phem hauv tsev tuaj yeem tawm mus tas li, ntu ntu, thiab ntu ntu. Cov peev txheej suav nrog cov khoom vaj khoom tsev thiab cov khoom siv, tib neeg kev ua ub no, thiab kev sib txuas sab hauv tsev. Kev nthuav tawm rau cov pa phem no tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv tsev.
Sab nraum cov pa phem qhov chaw
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa phem uas muaj keeb kwm sab nraud suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov roj, kev khiav tsheb, kev hloov pauv huab cua, thiab kev ua ub ua no ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov piv txwv ntawm cov pa phem uas raug tso tawm vim yog cov txheej txheem no suav nrog cov khoom me me, suav nrog paj ntoos; nitrogen oxides; organic tebchaw xws li toluene, benzene, xylenes thiab polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; thiab ozone thiab nws cov khoom. Ib qho piv txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pa phem uas muaj keeb kwm sab nraud yog radon, cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas tawm los ntawm qee cov av uas nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb hauv lub hnab ntawv thiab lwm qhov qhib. Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug radon yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov qauv geological ntawm qhov chaw uas lub tsev tsim. Kev txo qis Radon yuav tsis tham hauv lub cev ntawm TechNote tam sim no. Cov txheej txheem rau kev txo qis radon, ywj siab ntawm cov qauv ua pa, tau raug tshawb xyuas kom zoo rau lwm qhov (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa phem uas muaj keeb kwm hauv tsev muaj xws li tib neeg (xws li bioeffluent) thiab lawv cov dej num cuam tshuam nrog kev tu cev (xws li kev siv cov khoom siv aerosol), kev tu tsev (xws li kev siv cov tshuaj chlorinated thiab lwm yam khoom siv tu), kev npaj zaub mov (xws li kev ua noj ua haus particle emissions), thiab lwm yam. .; cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrog rau cov khoom vaj khoom tsev thiab cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj (xws li formaldehyde emissions los ntawm cov rooj tog); Kev haus luam yeeb thiab cov txheej txheem combustion tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsev, nrog rau cov tsiaj (xws li allergens). Kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev teeb tsa xws li kev tswj tsis raug qhov cua lossis cua sov tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa phem uas muaj keeb kwm hauv tsev.
Cov pa phem hauv tsev
Cov pa phem ntsuas hauv tsev tau sau tseg hauv qab no txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov uas tau muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab cov uas muaj qhov ntsuas siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws. Ob qhov ntsuas tau piav qhia txog qib kev ua qias tuaj yog siv los daws qhov mob ntev thiab mob hnyav. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas yog ntsuas los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kev ntsuas uas nyob rau hauv ntau zaus yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev. Kev xaiv yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia los ntawm Logue et al. (2011a) uas tau tshuaj xyuas 79 tsab ntawv ceeb toom thiab muab tso ua ke cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg rau txhua tus pa phem tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Logue tau muab piv nrog ob peb tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tom qab (Klepeis li al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer thiab Beko 2013; Derbez li al. 2014; Langer thiab Beko 2015).
DAIM NTAWV THOV KEV PAB CUAM TSHUAJ TIV THAIV / MUAB
Qee qhov xwm txheej sab hauv tsev, xws li cov av noo ntau dhau uas cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov cua, kuj tuaj yeem ua rau pwm kev loj hlob uas tuaj yeem tso cov pa phem xws li cov khoom siv organic, cov khoom tsis haum, tsis haum, fungi thiab pwm, thiab lwm yam kab mob lom, kab mob thiab kab mob. Cov dej noo nyob hauv huab cua (qhov txheeb ze humidity) yog tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb hloov kho peb qhov tshwm sim hauv tsev. Cov dej noo tsis yog thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob suav tias yog cov pa phem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov av noo siab dhau los yog qis dhau tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov tshwm sim thiab / lossis tuaj yeem pib ua cov txheej txheem uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv. Qhov no yog vim li cas cov av noo yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nthuav tawm hauv tsev thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Tib neeg thiab lawv cov dej num hauv tsev feem ntau yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej noo nyob hauv tsev tshwj tsis yog tias muaj cov teeb meem loj hauv kev tsim ua rau xau lossis nkag mus ntawm cov dej noo los ntawm huab cua puag ncig. Cov dej noo tuaj yeem coj mus rau sab hauv tsev los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv huab cua lossis los ntawm kev ua cua txias
TXOJ CAI NTAWM AIRBORNE POLLUTANT CONTENTRATIONS
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ntsuas qhov ntsuas sab hauv tsev ntawm cov pa phem hauv cov chaw nyob. Feem ntau ntsuas cov organic tebchaw uas tsis muaj zog tshaj [pab pawg thiab txiav txim los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab zuj zus] yog: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m, p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4 -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] thiab [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Table 1 qhia txog kev xaiv cov organic tebchaw los ntawm Logue et al (2011), ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas tau sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 77 cov kev tshawb fawb uas ntsuas cov pa phem tsis zoo hauv cov tsev hauv cov teb chaws industrialized. Table 1 qhia txog qhov hnyav-qhov nruab nrab concentration thiab 95 feem pua ntawm cov concentration ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb muaj rau txhua cov pa phem. Cov qib no tuaj yeem muab piv nrog cov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm tag nrho cov tsis muaj zog organic tebchaw (TVOCs) qee zaum qhia los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ua kev ntsuas hauv cov tsev. Cov ntawv ceeb toom tsis ntev los no los ntawm Swedish lub tsev Tshuag qhia tau hais tias TVOC qib ntawm 140 txog 270 μg / m3 (Langer thiab Becko 2013). Cov peev txheej muaj peev xwm ntawm ubiquitous volatile organic tebchaw thiab cov tebchaw uas muaj siab tshaj plaws yog nthuav tawm hauv Table 4.
Table 1: VOCs ntsuas hauv thaj chaw nyob nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab 95 feem pua ntawm cov concentration hauv μg / m³ (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Logue li al., 2011) 1,2
Cov feem ntau tshaj plaws semi-volatile organic tebchaw (SVOCs) [paub thiab txiav txim los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nqe lus txib] yog: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) suav nrog PBDE100, PBDE99, thiab PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a) pyrene, thiab indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Tseem muaj ntau lwm SVOCs ntsuas nrog rau phthalate esters thiab polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. tab sis vim yog qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov kev ntsuas nyuaj lawv tsis tas yuav ntsuas thiab yog li qhia qee zaus. Table 2 qhia txog kev xaiv ntawm cov organic sib txuas nrog ib qho kev ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb thiab nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ua ke nrog kev tshaj tawm qib siab. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias qhov concentrations tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab tsawg dua li ntawm VOCs. Cov peev txheej muaj peev xwm ntawm cov organic semi-volatile cov tebchaw thiab cov tebchaw uas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tau nthuav tawm hauv Table 4.
Table 2: SVOCs ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws txhais tau tias thiab saum toj kawg nkaus (siab tshaj plaws ntsuas) concentration hauv μg / m3 (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Logue li al., 2011) 1,2
Daim duab 3 qhia txog qhov concentrations thiab 95 feem pua ntawm lwm cov pa phem xws li carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), thiab cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb (PM) uas muaj feem me me qis dua 2.5 μm (PM2.5) thiab ultrafine particles (UFP) nrog rau Qhov loj me qis dua 0.1 μm, nrog rau sulfur hexafluoride (SO2) thiab ozone (O3). Cov peev txheej ntawm cov pa phem no tau muab rau hauv Table 4.
Table 3: Concentration ntawm xaiv cov pa phem ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv μg/m3 (cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Logue li al. (2011a) thiab Beko li al. (2013)) 1,2,3
Daim duab 2: Pwm hauv chav dej
Biological pollutants qhov chaw
Muaj ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg lom uas ntsuas hauv tsev tshwj xeeb hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm pwm thiab ya raws hauv tsev uas cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob fungal thiab cov kab mob kev ua haujlwm nrog rau kev tso tawm ntawm allergens thiab mycotoxins. Piv txwv li Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β–d glucans. Kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj los yog kev loj hlob ntawm cov plua plav hauv tsev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ua xua ntau ntxiv. Cov kab mob hauv tsev hauv tsev hauv Asmeskas, UK thiab Australia tau pom tias muaj li ntawm 102 mus rau 103 colony forming units (CFU) ib m3 thiab siab li 103 mus rau 105 CFU/m3 nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb yog ya raws puas qhov chaw (McLaughlin 2013). Qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm cov dev ua xua (Can f 1) thiab miv allergens (Fel d 1) hauv Fabkis cov tsev tau qis dua qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov ntsuas raws li 1.02 ng / m3 thiab 0.18 ng / m3 whereas 95% feem pua ntawm cov concentration yog 1.6 ng / m3 thiab 2.7 ng/m3 feem (Kirchner et al. 2009). Mite allergens nyob rau hauv txaj ntsuas nyob rau hauv 567 lub tsev nyob rau hauv Fabkis yog 2.2 μg / g thiab 1.6 μg / g rau Der f 1 thiab Der p 1 allergens feem, hos qhov sib thooj 95% feem pua ntawm cov qib yog 83.6 μg / g thiab 32.6 μg / g ( et al. 2009). Table 4 qhia cov peev txheej loj cuam tshuam nrog cov pa phem uas tau teev tseg saum toj no. Kev sib txawv yog tsim, yog tias ua tau, txawm tias qhov chaw nyob hauv tsev lossis sab nraum zoov. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov pa phem hauv tsev yog los ntawm ntau qhov chaw thiab nws yuav nyuaj heev los txheeb xyuas ib lossis ob qhov chaw uas yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev nthuav dav.
Table 4: Cov pa phem loj hauv cov tsev nrog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb; (O) qhia qhov chaw nyob sab nraum zoov thiab (I) qhov chaw nyob sab hauv tsev
Daim duab 3: Xim tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa phem
