ZOWONA ZONSE ZOIpitsa M’NYUMBA ZOMWE ZAYENEKEDWA
Mazana a mankhwala ndi zowononga ayesedwa m'malo okhala m'nyumba. Cholinga cha gawoli ndi kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zilipo kale zomwe zili zoipitsa m'nyumba ndi momwe zimakhalira.
DATA ZOKHUDZA KUKHALA KWA ZOIpitsa M'NYUMBA
Kugona ndi kuwonekera
Kuwonekera m'nyumba ndi gawo lalikulu la kukhudzana ndi zowononga zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya zomwe zimachitika m'moyo wamunthu. Zitha kukhala kuchokera ku 60 mpaka 95% ya moyo wathu wonse, zomwe 30% zimachitika tikagona. Zowonekera zimatha kusinthidwa poyang'anira magwero a zoipitsa, kuchotsedwa kwawo komweko kapena kutsekeredwa pamalo omasulidwa, mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya wosaipitsidwa, kusefera ndi kuyeretsa mpweya. Kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi kowononga zowononga zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya m'nyumba kumatha kubweretsa ngozi ku zovuta za thanzi monga kupsa mtima kapena kuwonjezereka kwa mphumu ndi zizindikiro za ziwengo, chifukwa cha matenda osatha monga matenda amtima ndi kupuma, ndipo zimatha kukulitsa chiwopsezo cha kufa msanga. Pali zowononga zambiri zomwe sizimayendetsedwa ndi mpweya m'nyumba zamkati, monga phthalates mu fumbi lokhazikika komanso zosokoneza za endocrine pa sunscreen, komabe popeza izi sizimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wabwino, sizikuphimbidwa mu Technote iyi.
M'nyumba / kunja
Zowonetsera m'nyumba zimakhala ndi chiyambi chosiyana. Zowononga zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya zomwe zimapanga zowonekerazi zimakhala ndi magwero akunja ndi m'nyumba. Zowononga zomwe zili ndi magwero akunja zimalowa m'mavulopu akunyumba kudzera m'ming'alu, mipata, malo otsetsereka ndi kudontha, komanso kudzera m'mawindo otseguka ndi makina olowera mpweya. Kuwonetsedwa ndi zoipitsa izi kumachitikanso panja koma amakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa momwe amakhalira m'nyumba chifukwa cha machitidwe a anthu (Klepeis et al. 2001). Palinso magwero ambiri oipitsa m'nyumba. Zowononga zowononga m'nyumba zimatha kutulutsa pafupipafupi, pafupipafupi, komanso pafupipafupi. Zochokera kumaphatikizapo zipangizo zapakhomo ndi zinthu, zochita za anthu, ndi kuyaka m'nyumba. Kuwonetsedwa kuzinthu zoipitsa izi kumangochitika m'nyumba.
Magwero oipitsa kunja
Magwero akuluakulu a zoipitsa zomwe zimachokera kunja ndi monga kuyaka kwamafuta, magalimoto, kusintha kwamlengalenga, ndi zochitika za zomera za zomera. Zitsanzo za zowononga zomwe zimatulutsidwa chifukwa cha njirazi zikuphatikizapo tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuphatikizapo mungu; nayitrogeni oxides; organic mankhwala monga toluene, benzene, xylenes ndi polycyclic onunkhira hydrocarbons; ndi ozoni ndi zinthu zake. Chitsanzo chenicheni cha choipitsa chochokera kunja ndi radon, mpweya wachilengedwe wotulutsa mpweya wotuluka mu dothi lina lomwe limalowa m'ming'alu ya ma emvulopu ndi pobowoka zina. Chiwopsezo chokumana ndi radon ndi chikhalidwe chotengera malo ku malo omwe nyumbayo imamangidwa. Kuchepetsa kwa radon sikudzakambidwa m'thupi la TechNote yamakono. Njira zochepetsera radon, zosagwirizana ndi miyezo ya mpweya wabwino, zafufuzidwa bwino kwina (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Magwero akuluakulu a zowononga zoyambira m'nyumba ndi monga anthu (monga zowononga zachilengedwe) ndi zochita zawo zokhudzana ndi ukhondo (monga kugwiritsa ntchito aerosol), kuyeretsa m'nyumba (monga kugwiritsa ntchito chlorinated ndi zinthu zina zoyeretsera), kukonza chakudya (monga kuphika tinthu tating'onoting'ono), ndi zina zotero. .; zipangizo zomangira kuphatikizapo zipangizo ndi zokongoletsera (monga mpweya wa formaldehyde kuchokera ku zipangizo); kusuta fodya ndi kuyaka komwe kumachitika m'nyumba, komanso ziweto (monga zosagwirizana ndi thupi). Kusokoneza makhazikitsidwe monga kusamalidwa bwino kwa mpweya wabwino kapena makina otenthetsera kuthanso kukhala magwero ofunikira a zowononga zoyambira m'nyumba.
Malo oipitsa m'nyumba
Zowonongeka zomwe zimayezedwa m'nyumba zikufotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa kuti zizindikire zomwe zakhala paliponse, komanso zomwe zili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwake. Zizindikiro ziwiri zofotokoza kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi kuwonekera kosatha komanso koopsa. Nthawi zambiri deta yoyezedwa imayesedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa miyeso yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala m'nyumba zambiri. Kusankhidwa kumatengera zomwe zanenedwa ndi Logue et al. (2011a) omwe adawunikiranso malipoti a 79 ndikulemba nkhokwe kuphatikiza ziwerengero zachidule za zoipitsa zilizonse zomwe zanenedwa m'malipoti awa. Deta ya Logue inafananizidwa ndi malipoti ochepa omwe adasindikizidwa pambuyo pake (Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer ndi Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer ndi Beko 2015).
DATA PAKUCHULUKA KWA NTCHITO/CHINYEWERE
Zinthu zina m'nyumba, mwachitsanzo, chinyezi chambiri chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya wabwino, zimatha kuyambitsa nkhungu zomwe zimatha kutulutsa zowononga monga organic compounds, particles, allergener, bowa ndi nkhungu, ndi zina zowononga zachilengedwe, zamoyo zopatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chinyezi chomwe chili mumlengalenga (chinyezi chocheperako) ndichofunikira kwambiri posintha mawonekedwe athu m'nyumba. Chinyezi sichiyenera kutengedwa ngati choipitsa. Komabe, chinyezi chambiri kapena chotsika kwambiri chingathe kusintha mawonekedwe ndi/kapena kuyambitsa njira zomwe zingayambitse kuwonetseredwa kokwezeka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chinyezi chiyenera kuganiziridwa pokhudzana ndi zowonekera m'nyumba ndi thanzi. Anthu ndi zochita zawo m'nyumba nthawi zambiri amakhala gwero lalikulu la chinyezi m'nyumba pokhapokha ngati pali zolakwika zazikulu zomanga zomwe zimapangitsa kutayikira kapena kulowa kwa chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga. Chinyezi chimatha kubweretsedwanso m'nyumba polowera mpweya kapena kudzera m'makina odzipereka
ZINTHU ZOCHEPA PA ZOYENERA ZOYENERA ZA AIRBORNE
Kafukufuku wambiri adayeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowononga mpweya zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mpweya m'nyumba zogona. Mafuta omwe amayezedwa mofala kwambiri [opangidwa ndi kuyitanidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa maphunziro motsika] anali: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] ndi [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Table 1 ikuwonetsa kusankhidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimasokonekera kuchokera ku Logue et al (2011), kafukufuku yemwe adaphatikiza zambiri kuchokera ku maphunziro a 77 omwe anayeza zowononga zomwe sizinali zamoyo zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mpweya m'nyumba zamayiko otukuka. Table 1 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zolemetsa ndi 95th percentile concentration kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe alipo pa chilichonse choipitsa. Miyezo iyi imatha kufananizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta osakhazikika achilengedwe (TVOCs) omwe nthawi zina amanenedwa ndi maphunziro omwe amayesa munyumba. Malipoti aposachedwa ochokera ku Swedish stock stock show amatanthauza milingo ya TVOC pa 140 mpaka 270 μg/m3 (Langer ndi Becko 2013). Magwero omwe amapezeka ponseponse pazachilengedwe komanso zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri zikufotokozedwa mu Gulu 4.
Gulu 1: Ma VOC amayezedwa m'malo okhala anthu okhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa 95th percentile mu μg/m³ (data yochokera ku Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Zomwe zimafala kwambiri za semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) [zopangidwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi chiwerengero cha maphunziro otsika] zinali: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) kuphatikizapo PBDE100, PBDE99, ndi PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a)pyrene,ndi indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Palinso ma SVOC ena ambiri omwe amayezedwa kuphatikiza ma esters a phthalate ndi ma polycyclic onunkhira a hydrocarbon. koma chifukwa cha zovuta zowunikira sizimayesedwa nthawi zonse ndipo zimangonenedwa mwa apo ndi apo. Table 2 ikuwonetsa kusankhidwa kwa semi-volatile organic compounds ndi muyeso wolemetsa wotanthauzira kuchokera ku maphunziro onse omwe alipo komanso omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri komanso chiwerengero cha ndende. Zitha kuwonedwa kuti kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kocheperako pang'ono kuposa ma VOC. Magwero amitundu yosakanikirana ya semi-volatile organic ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwambiri akufotokozedwa mu Gulu 4.
Gulu 2: Ma SVOC omwe amayezedwa m'malo okhala anthu okhala ndi tanthauzo lalitali kwambiri komanso lapamwamba kwambiri (muyeso wapamwamba) mu μg/m3 (data yochokera ku Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Table 3 ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwake ndi 95th percentile pazowononga zina kuphatikiza carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ndi zinthu zina (PM) zomwe zili ndi gawo lotsika kuposa 2.5 μm (PM2.5) ndi ultrafine particles (UFP) kukula kutsika kuti 0.1 μm, komanso sulfure hexafluoride (SO2) ndi ozoni (O3). Zomwe zingayambitse zowononga izi zaperekedwa mu Gulu 4.
Gulu 3: Kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa zomwe zasankhidwa kuyeza m'malo okhala mu μg/m3 (deta yochokera ku Logue et al. (2011a) ndi Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Chithunzi 2: Nkhungu mu bafa
Biological zoipitsa magwero
Pakhala pali zinthu zambiri zowononga zachilengedwe zomwe zimayezedwa m'nyumba makamaka pofufuza nkhungu ndi chinyezi m'nyumba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchulukana kwa mafangasi ndi zochitika za mabakiteriya komanso kutulutsidwa kwa allergener ndi mycotoxins. Zitsanzo ndi Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β–d glucans. Kukhalapo kwa ziweto kapena kuchuluka kwa nthata za fumbi m'nyumba kungayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa ma allergen. Zomwe zimachitika m'nyumba za bowa m'nyumba ku US, UK ndi Australia zawoneka kuti zimachokera ku 102 mpaka 103 colony forming units (CFU) pa m3 ndipo mpaka 103 mpaka 105 CFU/m3 makamaka m'malo owonongeka ndi chinyezi (McLaughlin 2013). Miyezo yapakatikati ya agalu agalu (Can f 1) ndi amphaka (Fel d 1) m'nyumba zaku France anali ochepera 1.02 ng/m3 ndi 0.18 ng/m3 pomwe 95% kuchuluka kwake kunali 1.6 ng/m3 ndi 2.7 ng/m3 motsatana (Kirchner et al. 2009). Mite allergens mu matiresi yoyezedwa m'nyumba 567 ku France inali 2.2 μg/g ndi 1.6 μg/g ya Der f 1 ndi Der p 1 allergens motsatana, pamene 95% yofananirayo milingo inali 83.6 μg/g ndi 32.6 μg/g (Kirchner ndi al. 2009). Gulu 4 likuwonetsa magwero akuluakulu okhudzana ndi zowononga zosankhidwa zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa. Kusiyanitsa kumapangidwa, ngati kuli kotheka, kaya magwero ali m'nyumba kapena kunja. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti zowononga m'nyumba zimachokera kuzinthu zambiri ndipo zingakhale zovuta kuzindikira gwero limodzi kapena ziwiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo okwera kwambiri.
Table 4: Zowononga zazikulu m'nyumba zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyambi chawo; (O) ikuwonetsa komwe kuli kunja ndi (I) komwe kuli m'nyumba
Chithunzi 3: Utoto ukhoza kukhala gwero la zoipitsa zosiyanasiyana
