MUPOROFITA WEZVINHU ZVINOSVISA MUDZIMBA AKAYEDZWA
Mazana emakemikari uye zvinosvibisa zvakayerwa munzvimbo yekugara yemukati. Chinangwa chechikamu ichi ndechekupfupisa data iripo pamusoro pezvipi zvinosvibisa zviri mudzimba uye nekuisa kwavo.
DATA ROKUSIRIRA KWEZVINHU ZVINOSVISA MUDZIMBA
Kurara nekuratidzwa
Zviratidziro mudzimba zvinoumba chikamu chikuru chekuratidzwa kune zvinosvibisa zvinofambiswa nemhepo zvinowanikwa muhupenyu hwemunhu. Vanogona kuita kubva pa60 kusvika 95% yehupenyu hwedu hwese kuratidzwa, iyo 30% inoitika patinorara. Exposures inogona kugadziridzwa nekudzora masosi ezvinosvibisa, kubviswa kwavo kwenzvimbo kana kuteya padanho rekusunungurwa, kufefetedza kwese nemhepo isina kusvibiswa, uye kusefa uye kuchenesa mweya. Kuratidzwa kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu kune zvinosvibiswa nemhepo mukati memba zvinogona kukonzeresa njodzi dzehutano hwakanyanya sekushatirwa kana kuwedzera kweasthma uye allergy zviratidzo, zvezvirwere zvisingaperi semoyo nemoyo uye matambudziko ekufema, uye zvinogona kusimudza njodzi yekufa nguva isati yakwana. Kune akawanda asina kusvibiswa nemhepo munzvimbo yemukati, senge phthalates muguruva rakagadzika uye endocrine zvinokanganisa muzuva, zvisinei nekuti izvi zvisingakanganiswe nemhepo yekufefetera, hazvifukidzwe muTechnote iyi.
Indoor / kunze
Kufumurwa mudzimba kune kwakabva kwakasiyana. Izvo zvinosvibisa zvinofambiswa nemhepo zvinoumba zviratidziro izvi zvine matsime kunze nemukati. Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvine zviwanikwa kunze zvinopinda muhamvuropu yechivako kuburikidza nekutsemuka, maburi, nzvimbo dzinotsvedza nekuvuza, pamwe nepamahwindo akavhurika uye masisitimu ekufemesa. Kufumurwa kune zvinosvibisa izvi kunoitikawo kunze asi kune nguva diki pane yekubuda mumba nekuda kwemaitiro ekuita kwevanhu (Klepeis et al. 2001). Kune akawanda anosvibisa mukati memba zvakare. Indoor zvinosvibisa masosi anogona kubuda nguva dzose, episodically, uye nguva nenguva. Zvinyorwa zvinosanganisira midziyo yemumba uye zvigadzirwa, zviitiko zvevanhu, uye kupisa kwemukati. Kuratidzwa kune izvi zvinosvibisa zvinongoitika mumba chete.
Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvekunze
Nzvimbo huru dzezvinosvibisa zvine mavambo ekunze zvinosanganisira kupiswa kwemafuta, traffic, shanduko yemhepo, uye zviitiko zvezvinomera zvezvirimwa. Mienzaniso yezvinosvibisa zvinoburitswa nekuda kwemaitiro aya anosanganisira tunhu, kusanganisira mukume; nitrogen oxides; organic compounds senge toluene, benzene, xylenes uye polycyclic anonhuwirira hydrocarbons; uye ozone nezvinhu zvayo. Muenzaniso chaiwo wetsvina ine mavambo ekunze iradon, gasi remwaranzi remusikirwo rinobudiswa kubva kune imwe ivhu rinopinda muchimiro chezvivakwa kuburikidza nekutsemuka kwehamvuropu uye kumwe kuvhurwa. Ngozi yekusangana neradon inzvimbo-inotsamira mamiriro kune geological chimiro chenzvimbo inovakwa chivakwa. Radon kuderedza haizokurukurwa mumutumbi weTechNote iripo. Nzira dzekudzikisa radon, dzisinei nezviyero zvemhepo, dzakanyatsoongororwa kumwe kunhu (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Nzvimbo huru dzezvinosvibisa zvine mavambo emumba zvinosanganisira vanhu (senge bioeffluents) uye mabasa avo ane chekuita nehutsanana (semuenzaniso kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa cheaerosol), kuchenesa imba (semuenzaniso kushandiswa kwechlorine nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa), kugadzira chikafu (sekubikira kuburitsa zvidimbu), nezvimwe. .; zvekuvakisa zvinosanganisira fenicha uye zvekushongedza zvinhu (eg formaldehyde emissions kubva mumidziyo); kuputa fodya nekupisa kunoitika mukati memba, pamwe chete nemhuka dzinovaraidza (eg allergens). Kusabata zvisizvo kwekuisa senge kusachengetedzwa mhepo yekufefetera kana masystem ekudziya kunogonawo kuve kwakakosha kunosvibisa kunobva mukati memba.
Indoor tsvina inosvibisa
Izvo zvinosvibisa zvakayerwa mudzimba zvinopfupikiswa mune zvinotevera kuti zvionekwe izvo zvave zviri pese-pese, uye zviya zvine mwero wakanyanya kuyerwa uye huwandu hwepamusoro. Zviratidzo zviviri zvinotsanangura mwero wekusvibiswa zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa zvese zvisingaperi uye zvakanyanya kuratidzwa. Muzvizhinji zvezviitiko zvakayerwa data inoyerwa nehuwandu hwezviyero izvo muzviitiko zvakawanda zviri muhuwandu hwedzimba. Kusarudzwa kunobva pane data rakataurwa naLogue et al. (2011a) uyo akaongorora 79 mishumo uye akaunganidza dhatabhesi kusanganisira pfupiso manhamba ega ega anosvibisa akataurwa mumishumo iyi. Iyo data yeLogue yakaenzaniswa nemishumo mishoma yakabudiswa gare gare (Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer naBeko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer naBeko 2015).
DATA PEKUFANANA KWEMUFU/UFURO
Mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu mudzimba, semuenzaniso kuwandisa kwemwando uko kunokonzerwa nekufefeterwa kwemhepo, kunogona kutungamira mukukura kwe mold iyo inogona kubudisa zvinosvibisa zvinosanganisira organic compounds, particulate matter, allergener, fungi uye mold, nezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvipenyu, marudzi anotapukira uye utachiona. Hunyoro huri mumhepo (relative humidity) chinhu chakakosha chinogadzirisa maratidziro edu mudzimba. Kunyorova hakuna uye hakufanirwe kutorwa sechinhu chinosvibisa. Nekudaro, yakakwira zvakanyanya kana yakadzikira mwero wehunyoro inogona kushandura kufumurwa uye/kana kutanga maitiro anogona kutungamirira kumazinga akakwirira ekufumurwa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero hunyoro hunofanirwa kutariswa mumamiriro ekuratidzwa mudzimba uye hutano. Vanhu nezviitwa zvavo mukati memba kazhinji ndiwo manyuko makuru ehunyoro mukati memba kunze kwekunge paine kukanganisa kukuru kwekuvaka kunokonzera kuvuza kana kupinza hunyoro kubva kumhepo yakadzika. Hunyoro hunogonawo kuunzwa mumba nekupinda mumhepo kana kuburikidza neakazvipira masystem ekufemesa
RUDZIDZO RAKADZIDZWA PANE AIRBORNE POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakayera kuwanda kwemukati kwemhepo inosvibisa mudzimba. Mishonga yakayerwa zvakanyanya kunyura [yakaunganidzwa uye yakarongedzerwa nenhamba yezvidzidzo muhurongwa hwekudzika] yaive: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] uye [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Tafura 1 inoratidza kusarudzwa kweanoshanduka organic makomisheni kubva kuLogue et al (2011), chidzidzo chakaunganidza data kubva kuzvidzidzo makumi manomwe nenomwe zvakayera kusvibiswa kwemhepo kusiri kwebhayoloji mudzimba dziri munyika dzakabudirira. Tafura 1 inoshuma huremu-zvinoreva kusungirirwa uye 95th percentile concentration kubva kuzvidzidzo zviripo kune yega yega tsvina. Aya mazinga anogona kuenzaniswa neyakayerwa kuunganidzwa kweiyo yakazara volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) dzimwe nguva inoshumwa nezvidzidzo zvinoita zviyero muzvivakwa. Mishumo ichangoburwa kubva kuSweden kuvaka stock show inoreva mazinga eTVOC pa140 kusvika 270 μg/m3 (Langer naBecko 2013). Izvo zvingango wanikwa zveubiquitous volatile organic compounds uye makomisheni ane yakanyanya kuwanda anounzwa muTafura 4.
Tafura 1: MaVOC akayerwa munzvimbo dzekugara dzine hukuru hwepamusoro uye 95th percentile concentration muμg/m³ (data kubva Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Iyo yakanyanya kupararira semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) [yakarongwa uye yakarongedzerwa nenhamba yezvidzidzo mukudzika kwekudzika] yaiva: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) kusanganisira PBDE100, PBDE99, uye PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a)pyrene, uye indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Kune zvakare akawanda mamwe maSVOC akayerwa anosanganisira phthalate esters uye polycyclic inonhuhwirira hydrocarbon. asi nekuda kwezvakaoma ongororo zvinodiwa hazviwanzo kuyerwa uye nekudaro zvinongotaurwa pano neapo. Tafura 2 inoratidza kusarudzwa kwema-semi-volatile organic compounds nechiyero chakaremerwa zvinoreva kusungirirwa kubva kune zvidzidzo zvose zviripo uye nepamusoro-soro yepamusoro-soro pamwe chete nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti iwo maconcentrations angangoita one odha yehukuru yakaderera pane kana maVOCs. Iwo anogona kuve masosi eakajairwa semi-volatile organic komisheni uye makomisheni ane yakanyanya kuwanda anoratidzwa muTebhu 4.
Tafura 2: MaSVOC akayerwa munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu vane huremu hwepamusoro-soro uye hwepamusoro-hwe-renji (yepamusoro kuyerwa) kusungwa muμg/m3 (data kubva Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Tafura 3 inoratidza huwandu uye 95th percentile yezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvinosanganisira carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), uye kunyanya nyaya (PM) ine saizi chikamu chakaderera pane 2.5 μm (PM2.5) uye Ultrafine particles (UFP) ne saizi yakaderera kuti 0.1 μm, pamwe nesarufa hexafluoride (SO2) uye ozone (O3). Zvingangove zviwanikwa zvezvinosvibisa izvi zvinopihwa muTafura 4.
Tafura 3: Kuwanda kwezvinosvibisa zvakasarudzwa zvakayerwa munzvimbo dzekugara mu μg/m3 (data kubva kuLogue et al. (2011a) uye Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Mufananidzo 2: Mold muimba yekugezera
Biological pollutants manyuko
Pakave nezvakawanda zvinosvibisa zvipenyu zvakayerwa mudzimba kunyanya muzvidzidzo zvehuvhu uye mwando mudzimba zvine chekuita nekuwanda kwefungal uye chiitiko chebhakitiriya pamwe nekuburitswa kweaallergenic uye mycotoxins. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β–d glucans. Kuvepo kwemhuka dzinovaraidza kana kuwanda kweguruva remumba kunogonawo kukonzera kukwirisa kwemazinga ezvinokonzeresa. Mafungiro emukati memukati mefungidziro mudzimba muUS, UK neAustralia zvakaonekwa zvichibva pa102 kusvika ku103 colony forming units (CFU) per m3 uye yakakwira se103 kusvika 105 CFU/m3 munzvimbo dzakakuvadzwa unyoro (McLaughlin 2013). Iwo akayerwa epakati mazinga embwa aregedzerwa nembwa (Can f 1) uye katsi allergens (Fel d 1) mudzimba dzeFrance aive pasi pemuganhu wehuwandu zvakateerana 1.02 ng/m3 uye 0.18 ng/m3 nepo 95% percentile concentration yaive 1.6 ng/m3 uye 2.7 ng/m3 zvichiteerana (Kirchner et al. 2009). Mite allergens mumatiresi akayerwa mumisha 567 muFrance aive 2.2 μg/g uye 1.6 μg/g yeDer f 1 neDer p 1 allergens zvichiteerana, nepo 95% inoenderana mazinga aive 83.6 μg/g uye 32.6 μg/g (Kirchner nevamwe 2009). Tafura 4 inoratidza mabviro makuru ane chekuita nezvinosvibisa zvakasarudzwa zvakanyorwa pamusoro. Musiyano unoitwa, kana zvichibvira, kana masosi ari mukati kana kunze. Zviripachena kuti zvinosvibisa mudzimba zvinobva kunzvimbo dzakawanda uye zvingave zvakaoma kuona nzvimbo imwe kana maviri ari kunyanya kukonzera kufumuka kwakakwirira.
Tafura 4: Kusvibisa kukuru mudzimba dzine hukama hwekwakabva; (O) inoratidza masosi aripo kunze uye (I) masosi aripo mukati memba
Mufananidzo 3: Pendi inogona kuve sosi yezvakasiyana zvinosvibisa
