Backdrafting inogona kukonzera nyaradzo uye IAQ matambudziko
Vanhu vanopedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yavo mudzimba (Klepeis et al. 2001), zvichiita kuti mukati memhepo iwedzere kunetseka. Yakave ichizivikanwa zvikuru kuti mutoro wehutano wemhepo yemukati wakakosha (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005). Mitemo yemazuva ano yekufemesa yakatemerwa kuchengetedza hutano uye kupa nyaradzo kuvagari, asi ruzhinji rwunovimba zvakanyanya nekutonga kweinjiniya nekuda kwekuvapo kushoma kwezvikonzero zvesainzi. Ichi chikamu chinotsanangura nzira dzazvino uye dzinogona kuitika dzekufungidzira mafashama anodiwa ekufemesa nekupa tarisiro yezviyero zvakakosha zviripo.
ZVINHU ZVAUNHU NECARBON DIOXIDE
Pettenkofer Zahl mabhesi ekufemesa zviyero
Kudikitira kunoratidzika kunge ndiko kunhuhwirira kwemuviri kunotarisisa kunoonekwa mukati memhepo mhando (Gids uye Wouters, 2008). Kunhuhwirira kunogadzira kusagadzikana, sezvo kunaka kwemweya kunowanzoonekwa sekusavapo kwekunhuwa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda vagari vemo vanojaira kunhuhwirira kunogona kunyatsonzwisiswa nemunhu anopinda mukamuri. Mutongo wedare rekushanyira bvunzo (Fanger et al. 1988) rinogona kushandiswa kuongorora kunhuwa kwakanyanya.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) haisi mutyairi mukuru wehutano hwekuratidzwa mukati memhepo mudzimba. CO2 mucherechedzo wezvinhu zvipenyu zvevanhu uye inogona kuenderana nekunetsa kwekunhuhwirira. CO2 yanga iri hwaro hwezvinenge zvese zvinodiwa zvekufefetera muzvivako kubvira basa raPettenkofer (1858). Akaziva kuti nepo CO2 yakanga isingakuvadzi pamatanho akajairwa emukati uye isingaonekwe nevanhu, yaive tsvina inoyerwa yekuti miitiro yemhepo inogona kugadzirwa kwakatenderedza. Kubva muchidzidzo ichi, akakurudzira inodaidzwa kuti "PettekoferZahl" ye1000 ppm seyepamusoro CO2 level kudzivirira kunhuhwirira kubva kune vanhu. Akafungidzira kunze kwekusungwa kwe500 ppm. Akarayira kudzikamisa musiyano mu CO2 pakati pemukati nekunze kusvika pa500 ppm. Izvi zvakaenzana nehuwandu hwekuyerera kumunhu mukuru we10 dm3/s pamunhu. Mari iyi ichiri hwaro hwezvinodiwa zvekufemesa mhepo munyika dzakawanda. Gare gare Yaglou (1937), Bouwman (1983), Cain (1983) naFanger (1988) vakaita imwe tsvakiridzo pamusoro pe“kunhuhwirira kunosunda” nzira yekufema yakavakirwa paCO2 sechiratidzo.
Kazhinji inoshandiswa CO2 miganhu munzvimbo (Gids 2011)
Tafura: Kazhinji inoshandiswa CO2 miganhu munzvimbo (Gids 2011)
Ongororo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti CO2 pachayo inogona kupesvedzera maitiro enjere evanhu (Satish et al. 2012). Muchiitiko chekushanda kwevanhu ndiyo inonyanya kukosha parameter mumakamuri akadai semakirasi, makamuri ehurukuro uye kunyange mune dzimwe nguva maoffices, CO2 mazinga anofanira kutarisa mhepo yemhepo pane kushungurudza uye / kana nyaradzo. Kuti ugadzire zviyero zvinoenderana neCO2 yekushanda kwenjere, danho rinogamuchirika rekuratidzwa rinofanirwa kuumbwa. Kubva pachidzidzo ichi, kuchengetedza chiyero chekutenderedza 1000 ppm kunoratidzika kunge kusina kukanganisa pakuita (Satish et al. 2012)
BASIS FOR FUTURE VENTILATION STANDARDS
VENTILATION FOR UTANO
Zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinobudiswa mukati kana kuti kupinda munzvimbo iyo vagari vobva vazvifemera. Ventilation inopa imwe sarudzo yekubvisa zvinosvibisa kuderedza kuratidzwa kungave nekubvisa zvinosvibisa panobva, senge nema cooker hoods, kana nekunyungudutsa mweya mumba kuburikidza nemhepo yese yemba. Ventilation haisiriyo yega sarudzo yekudzora yekudzikisa kuratidzwa uye inogona kunge isiri iyo chaiyo chishandiso mumamiriro mazhinji.
Kuti ugadzire nzira yekupinza mhepo kana tsvina yekudzora yakavakirwa pahutano, panofanirwa kuve nekunzwisisa kwakajeka kwezvinosvibisa zvekudzora, zvitubu zvemukati uye kunobva simba rezvinosvibisa izvo, uye nhanho inogamuchirwa yekufumurwa mumba. A European Collaborative Action yakagadzira nzira yekuona kudiwa kwemhepo yekufefetera kuti iwane yakanaka mukati memhepo yemhando sebasa rezvinosvibisa izvi (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Zvakanyanya kukosha zvinosvibisa mukati memba
Zvinosvibisa zvinoratidzika sekutyaira njodzi dzehutano dzisingaperi dzine chekuita nekufumurwa nemhepo yemukati ndeidzi:
• Zvimedu zvakanaka (PM2.5)
• Chiutsi chefodya chekare (SHS)
• Radon
• Ozoni
• Formaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Zvimedu/zvinyoro zvinosvibisa
Parizvino hapana data rakakwana pamusoro pesimba rekusimba uye chaiyo sosi mipiro yekuratidzwa mudzimba kugadzira mwero wekufemesa wakavakirwa pahutano. Pane musiyano wakakura wezvimiro zvepamusha kubva kumba kuenda kumba uye mwero wakakodzera wekufema wemba ungangoda kutarisisa zviwanikwa zvemukati uye maitiro emugari. Iyi inzvimbo inoenderera mberi yekutsvaga. Remangwana remhepo yekufefetera mwero inogona kuvimba nemhedzisiro yehutano kumisikidza yakakwana mazinga emhepo.
VENTILATION FOR NYARADZO
Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kunhuhwirira kunogona kuita basa rinokosha mukunyaradza uye kugara zvakanaka. Chimwe chikamu chekunyaradza ndiko kunyaradza kwekushisa. Ventilation inogona kukanganisa kunyaradza kwekupisa nekutakura kwakatonhodzwa,
kupisa, humidified kana mhepo yakaoma. Kubvongodzwa uye kumhanya kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nekufefetedza kwemhepo kunogona kukanganisa kunenge kuine kugadzikana kwemafuta. Kupinda kwakakwirira kana kuchinja kwemhepo kunogona kugadzira kusagadzikana (Liddament 1996).
Kuverengera kunodiwa kufefetera mitengo yekunyaradza uye hutano kunoda nzira dzakasiyana. Ventilation yekunyaradza inonyanya kuenderana nekuderedza kunhuwa uye tembiricha / humidity control, nepo kune hutano zano rinobva mukuderedza kufumurwa. Chikumbiro chezvirongwa zvakabatanidzwa (CEC 1992) ndeyekuverenga zvakasiyana mwero wemhepo inodiwa kunyaradza uye hutano. Iyo yakanyanya kufefetera mwero inofanirwa kushandiswa pakugadzira.
ZVIRIPO VENTILATION STANDARDS
UNITED STATES VENTILATION MITIRO: ASHRAE 62.2
Iyo American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer's (ASHRAE's) Standard 62.2 ndiyo inogamuchirwa nevakawanda mukugara kwekugara mwero muUnited States. ASHRAE yakagadzira Standard 62.2 “Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings” kugadzirisa indoor air quality (IAQ) nyaya (ASHRAE 2010). ASHRAE 62.2 yave kudiwa mune mamwe macode ekuvaka, akadai seCalifornia's Title 24, uye inobatwa sechiyero chetsika muzvirongwa zvakawanda zvekushandisa simba uye nemasangano anodzidzisa nekupa zvitupa mashandiro epamba. Chiyero chinotsanangudza huwandu, hwekugara-pamwero wekunze kwemhepo yemhepo sebasa renzvimbo yeuriri (nzvimbo inomiririra zvinhu zvinobuda) uye huwandu hwemakamuri ekurara (mumiriri wezvinobuda nevanhu) uye inoda imba yekugezera uye yekubikira mafeni ekupedza simba. Kutariswa kweiyo chiyero kazhinji kunoonekwa seyeyero yemhepo yekufema. Kusimbisa uku kwakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti njodzi dziri mukati medzimba dzinofambiswa nezvinogara zvichiburitswa, zvakagovaniswa sosi se formaldehyde kubva mumidziyo uye bioeffluents (kusanganisira hwema) kubva kuvanhu. Chiyero chaidiwa chekugara kwese mechanical ventilation chaive chakavakirwa pakutonga kwakanaka kwenyanzvi mumunda, asi hakuna kubva pane chero ongororo yekemikari inosvibisa kana zvimwe zvinetswa zvine chekuita nehutano.
EUROPEAN VENTILATION STANDARDS
Kune akasiyana siyana ekufemesa mwero munyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope. Dimitroulopoulou (2012) inopa mucherechedzo wezviyero zviripo muchimiro chetafura chenyika gumi ne (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) pamwe chete ne tsananguro yekuenzanisa uye kuyerwa zvidzidzo zvakaitwa munyika imwe neimwe. Nyika dzese dzakatsanangudza mitengo yekuyerera yeimba yese kana makamuri chaiwo emba. Kuyerera kwemhepo kwakatsanangurwa mune inokwana chiyero chimwe chete chemakamuri anotevera: imba yekutandarira, yekurara, kicheni, yekugezera, chimbuzi Mitemo yakawanda inongotaurwa chete mafambiro emhepo pachikamu chemakamuri.
Hwaro hwezvinodiwa zvekufefetera mhepo hunosiyana nyika nenyika nezvinodiwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwevanhu, nzvimbo yepasi, nhamba yemakamuri, rudzi rwekamuri, rudzi rweyuniti kana kumwe kusanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi. Brelih and Olli (2011) akaunganidza mwero wekufemesa kwemhepo kunyika gumi nenhanhatu muEurope (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom). Vakashandisa seti yedzimba dzakajairwa kuenzanisa zvinokonzeresa mhepo yekutsinhana mitengo (AERs) yakaverengerwa kubva pazviyero izvi. Vakaenzanisa mitengo yekufambisa kwemhepo inodiwa yeimba yese uye basa rekufambisa mhepo. Inodiwa yese imba yekufefetera mitengo kubva pa 0.23-1.21 ACH ine tsika dzepamusoro muNetherlands uye dzakaderera muBulgaria.
Minimum range hood exhaust rates kubva pa5.6-41.7 dm3/s.
Maminimuminimu ekupera kwemitengo kubva muzvimbuzi kubva pa4.2-15 dm3/s.
Maminimuminimu ekupera kwemitengo kubva mudzimba dzekugezera kubva pa4.2-21.7 dm3/s.
Panoratidzika kunge paine kubvumirana kwakajairwa pakati pezvizhinji zvezviyero zvekuti chiyero chekufemesa kwemba yese chinodiwa pamwe nekuwedzera mwero wepamusoro wekufefetera mumakamuri umo mabasa ekubudisa zvinosvibisa angaitika, semakicheni nedzimba dzekugezera, kana uko vanhu vanopedza yakawanda yenguva yavo, zvakadai. sedzimba dzekutandarira nedzekurara.
MITIRO MUKUITA
Kuvakwa kweimba kutsva kwakavakwa zvine hungwaru kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa munyika iyo imba inovakwa. Midziyo yekufemesa mweya inosarudzwa inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuyerera. Kuyerera kwemitengo kunogona kukanganiswa neinopfuura mudziyo wakasarudzwa. Kudzoreredzwa kubva kumhepo inonamirwa kune yakapihwa feni, kuisirwa kusiri iko uye mafirita akavharika anogona kukonzera kudonha mukuita kwe fan. Parizvino hapana kutumwa kunodiwa mune ingave US kana European zviyero. Kutumwa kunosungirwa muSweden kubvira 1991. Kutuma inzira yekuyera kuita kwekuvaka chaiko kuti vaone kana vachizadzisa zvinodiwa (Stratton and Wray 2013). Kutumira kunoda zvimwe zviwanikwa uye zvinogona kunzi zvinodhura. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekutumwa, mafashama chaiwo anogona kusasangana neakatemerwa kana akagadzirirwa maitiro. Stratton et al (2012) akayera mwero wekuyerera kwemvura mu15 California, US dzimba uye vakawana kuti 1 chete ndiyo yaisangana neASHRAE 62.2 Standard zvachose. Zviyero muEurope yose zvakaratidzawo kuti dzimba dzakawanda dzinokundikana kusangana nemitemo yakatarwa (Dimitroulopoulou 2012). Kutumira kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune zviyero zviripo kuti tive nechokwadi chekuteerera mudzimba.
Original Article
