KAKARETSO EA LItšilafalo MALAPENG A LEKANG
Makholo-kholo a lik'hemik'hale le lintho tse silafatsang li lekantsoe tikolohong ea bolulo ea ka tlung. Sepheo sa karolo ena ke ho akaretsa lintlha tse teng mabapi le hore na ke lintho life tse silafatsang tse teng malapeng le ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa tsona.
DATA TSA MAIKUTLO A LISILAFATSO KA MABENG
Ho robala le ho pepeseha
Ho pepesetsoa malapeng ke karolo e kholo ea ho pepesetsoa litšila tse tsamaisoang ke moea tse etsahalang bophelong bohle ba motho. E ka etsa ho tloha ho 60 ho isa ho 95% ea kakaretso ea nako ea bophelo bohle ba rona, eo 30% ea eona e hlahang ha re robetse. Lipontšo li ka fetoloa ka ho laola mehloli ea litšila, ho tlosoa ha tsona sebakeng sa heno kapa ho tšoasoa sebakeng sa ho lokolloa, moea o akaretsang o nang le moea o sa silafalang, le ho hloekisa le ho hloekisa moea. Ho pepeseha ha nako e khuts'oane le nako e telele ho litšila tse tsamaisoang ke moea ka tlung ho ka baka likotsi tsa mathata a tebileng a bophelo bo botle joalo ka ho teneha kapa ho mpefala ha asthma le matšoao a allergy, bakeng sa mafu a sa foleng a kang mathata a pelo le methapo ea mali, 'me a ka phahamisa kotsi ea lefu la pele ho nako. Ho na le lintho tse ngata tse silafatsang tse sa tsamaisoang ke moea tikolohong ea ka tlung, joalo ka phthalates lerōleng le leriloeng le litšitiso tsa endocrine tse sireletsang letsatsi, leha ho le joalo kaha tsena ha li amehe ke maemo a moea, li ke ke tsa koaheloa ho Technote ena.
Ka hare / kantle
Ho pepeseha malapeng ho na le tšimoloho e fapaneng. Litšilafalo tse tsamaisoang ke moea tse etsang likhahla tsena li na le mehloli kantle le ka tlung. Lintho tse silafatsang tse nang le mehloli e kantle li kenella ka har'a enfelopo ea moaho ka mapetsong, likheong, likheong le moo ho lutlang, hammoho le lifensetereng tse bulehileng le lisebelisoa tsa moea. Ho pepesehela lintho tse silafatsang tsena ho boetse ho etsahala ka ntle empa ho na le nako e khuts'oane haholo ho feta ho pepesehela ka tlung ka lebaka la mekhoa ea liketso tsa batho (Klepeis et al. 2001). Ho na le mehloli e mengata e silafatsang ea ka tlung hape. Mehloli e silafatsang ka tlung e ka tsoa khafetsa, ka linako tse itseng, le nako le nako. Mehloli e kenyelletsa thepa ea ka tlung le lihlahisoa, mesebetsi ea batho, le ho cha ka tlung. Ho pepeseha mehloling ena e silafatsang ho etsahala feela ka tlung.
Mehloli e silafatsang kantle
Mehloli e meholo ea litšila tse tsoang kantle e kenyelletsa ho tuka ha mafura, sephethephethe, phetoho ea sepakapaka, le mesebetsi ea limela ea limela. Mehlala ea lintho tse silafatsang tse hlahisoang ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsena li kenyelletsa li-particle, ho kenyelletsa le peō ea limela; li-oxide tsa naetrojene; metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse kang toluene, benzene, xylene le polycyclic e nkhang hamonate ea hydrocarbon; le ozone le lihlahisoa tsa eona. Mohlala o ikhethileng oa tšilafalo e hlahang kantle ke radon, khase ea tlhaho ea radioactive e tsoang mobung o mong e phunyeletsang mohahong oa moaho ka mapetsong a enfelopo le masoba a mang. Kotsi ea ho pepesehela radon ke boemo bo itšetlehileng ka sebaka ho sebopeho sa jeoloji sa sebaka seo moaho o hahuoang ho sona. Phokotso ea radon e ke ke ea tšohloa 'meleng oa TechNote ea hajoale. Mekhoa ea ho fokotsa radon, e ikemetseng ho maemo a moea, e 'nile ea hlahlojoa ka botlalo libakeng tse ling (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Mehloli e meholo ea litšila tse tsoang ka tlung e kenyelletsa batho (mohlala, li-bioeffluents) le mesebetsi ea bona e amanang le bohloeki (mohlala, tšebeliso ea sehlahisoa sa aerosol), tlhoekiso ea ntlo (mohlala, tšebeliso ea chlorine le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa ho hloekisa), phepelo ea lijo (mohlala, tlhahiso ea likaroloana tsa ho pheha), jj. .; thepa ea kaho e kenyeletsang thepa ea kaho le thepa ea mokhabiso (mohlala, mesi ea formaldehyde e tsoang thepa ea kaho); ho tsuba koae le lits'ebetso tsa ho chesa tse etsahalang ka tlung, hammoho le liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng (mohlala, allergens). Ho se sebetse hantle ha meaho e joalo ka moea o sa hlokomeloe hantle kapa lisebelisoa tsa ho futhumatsa le hona e ka ba mehloli ea bohlokoa ea litšilafalo tse simolohileng ka matlung.
Mehloli e silafatsang ka tlung
Lintho tse silafatsang tse lekantsoeng malapeng li akaretsoa ka tse latelang ho khetholla tse bileng teng hohle, le tse nang le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e lekantsoeng le ea tlhoro. Lipontšo tse peli tse hlalosang boemo ba tšilafalo li sebelisoa ho sebetsana le ho pepeseha ho sa foleng le ho matla. Maemong a mangata data e lekantsoeng e lekanngoa ka palo ea litekanyo tseo maemong a mangata li leng palo ea matlo. Khetho e thehiloe ho data e tlalehiloeng ke Logue et al. (2011a) ea hlahlobileng litlaleho tse 79 mme a bokella database ho kenyelletsa lipalo-palo tsa kakaretso bakeng sa tšilafalo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tlalehiloeng litlalehong tsena. Lintlha tsa Logue li ne li bapisoa le litlaleho tse seng kae tse hatisitsoeng hamorao (Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer and Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer and Beko 2015).
LINTLHA TSA HO ATA HO BONAHALA/MOOLE
Maemo a mang ka tlung, mohlala, mongobo o feteletseng o angoang ke moea, a ka boela a lebisa ho nts'etsopele ea hlobo e ka 'nang ea ntša litšila tse kenyelletsang metsoako ea lintho tse phelang, li-particulate matter, allergens, fungus le hlobo, le lintho tse ling tse silafatsang tsa likokoana-hloko, mefuta e tšoaetsanoang le likokoana-hloko. Mongobo o moeeng (mongobo o lekanyelitsoeng) ke ntho ea bohlokoa e fetolang ho pepeseha ha rona malapeng. Mongobo ha o joalo ebile ha oa lokela ho nkoa e le o silafatsang. Leha ho le joalo, mongobo o phahameng haholo kapa o tlase haholo o ka fetola ho pepeseha le/kapa o ka qala mekhoa e ka lebisang maemong a phahameng a ho pepeseha. Ke ka lebaka leo mongobo o lokelang ho nahanoa molemong oa ho pepeseha malapeng le bophelo bo botle. Batho le mesebetsi ea bona ka tlung hangata ke mehloli e meholo ea mongobo ka tlung ntle le haeba ho na le mefokolo e meholo ea kaho e bakang ho lutla kapa ho kenella ha mongobo ho tsoa moeeng o tikolohong. Mongobo o ka boela oa tlisoa ka tlung ka ho kenella moeeng kapa ka mekhoa e inehetseng ea moea
LITSEBISO TSE LE KHABANE MABAPI LE MAIKUTLO A TŠILAHILENG MOEA
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li lekanyelitse likhakanyo tsa ka tlung tsa litšila tse tsamaisoang ke moea libakeng tsa bolulo. Metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse lekantsoeng ka bongata [e hlophisitsoeng le ho hlophisoa ka palo ea lithuto ho ea ka tatellano e theohang] e ne e le: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] le [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Letlapa la 1 le bonts'a khetho ea metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e sa tsitsang ho tsoa ho Logue et al (2011), phuputso e ileng ea kopanya lintlha tse tsoang lithutong tsa 77 tse neng li lekanya tšilafalo eo e seng ea likokoana-hloko malapeng a linaheng tse tsoetseng pele indastering. Letlapa la 1 le tlaleha khatello ea boima ba 'mele le 95th percentile concentration ho tsoa lithutong tse teng bakeng sa tšilafalo ka 'ngoe. Maemo ana a ka bapisoa le mahloriso a lekantsoeng a kakaretso ea li-volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) ka linako tse ling e tlalehiloeng ke liphuputso tse etsang litekanyo mehahong. Litlaleho tsa morao-rao tse tsoang ho Swedish stock stock show li bolela maemo a TVOC ho 140 ho 270 μg / m3 (Langer le Becko 2013). Mehloli e ka bang teng ea metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e sa tsitsang hohle le metsoako e nang le khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e hlahisoa ho Lethathamo la 4.
Letlapa la 1: Li-VOC tse lekantsoeng libakeng tsa bolulo tse nang le boholo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa le 95th percentile concentration ho μg/m³ (data ho tloha Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Likokoana-hloko tse atileng ka ho fetisisa tsa semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) [tse hlophisitsoeng le ho hlophisoa ka palo ea lithuto ka mokhoa o theohang] e ne e le: naphthalene; pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) ho kenyelletsa PBDE100, PBDE99, le PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a)pyrene, le indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Ho boetse ho na le li-SVOC tse ling tse ngata tse lekantsoeng ho kenyelletsa phthalate esters le polycyclic e nkhang hamonate ea hydrocarbon. empa ka lebaka la litlhoko tse rarahaneng tsa tlhahlobo ha li lekanngoe ka linako tsohle 'me kahoo li tlalehoa ka linako tse ling feela. Letlapa la 2 le bonts'a khetho ea metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse lekantsoeng ka tekanyo e lekantsoeng ho tsoa lithutong tsohle tse fumanehang le tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa tsa maemo a holimo mmoho le boemo bo tlalehiloeng ba mahloriso. Ho ka hlokomeloa hore likhakanyo li bonyane taelo e le 'ngoe ea boholo bo tlase ho feta maemong a VOCs. Mehloli e ka bang teng ea metsoako e tloaelehileng ea semi-volatile organic le metsoako e nang le khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e hlahisoa ho Lethathamo la 4.
Letlapa la 2: Li-SVOC tse lekantsoeng libakeng tsa bolulo tse nang le maemo a holimo ka ho fetesisa le maemo a holimo-limo (tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa) ho μg/m3 (data ho tloha Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Letlapa la 3 le bonts'a likhakanyo le 95th percentile bakeng sa litšila tse ling tse kenyelletsang carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), le taba e itseng (PM) e nang le karoloana e tlase ho 2.5 μm (PM2.5) le likaroloana tsa ultrafine (UFP) boholo bo ka tlase ho 0.1 μm, hammoho le sulfur hexafluoride (SO2) le ozone (O3). Mehloli e ka bang teng ea litšilafalo tsena e fanoe ho Lethathamo la 4.
Letlapa la 3: Khokahano ea litšila tse khethiloeng tse lekantsoeng libakeng tsa bolulo ho μg/m3 (data ho tsoa ho Logue et al. (2011a) le Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Setšoantšo sa 2: Hlobo ka kamoreng ea ho hlapela
Mehloli ea likokoana-hloko tse silafatsang
Ho bile le lintho tse ngata tse silafatsang tsa baeloji tse lekantsoeng malapeng haholo-holo lithutong tsa hlobo le mongobo malapeng a amanang le ho ata ha fungal le ts'ebetso ea libaktheria hammoho le ho lokolloa ha lintho tse kulisang le mycotoxins. Mehlala e kenyelletsa Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, ergosterol, endotoxins, 1-3β–d glucans. Ho ba teng ha liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng kapa ho ata ha lerōle la ka tlung le hona ho ka baka maemo a phahameng a lintho tse thobang. Maemo a tloaelehileng a ka tlung a li-fungus malapeng a US, UK le Australia a 'nile a bonoa ho tloha ho 102 ho isa ho 103 colony forming units (CFU) ka m3 le holimo ho 103 ho 105 CFU/m3 libakeng tse senyehileng haholo-holo mongobo (McLaughlin 2013). Maemo a lekantsoeng a mahareng a lintho tse abelang lintja (Can f 1) le lintho tse allelang katse (Fel d 1) matlong a Mafora li ne li le ka tlase ho moeli oa palo ka ho latellana ha 1.02 ng/m3 le 0.18 ng/m3 athe 95% ea mahloriso e ne e le 1.6 ng/m3 le 2.7 ng/m3 ka ho latellana (Kirchner et al. 2009). Likokoana-hloko tsa mite materaseng tse lekantsoeng libakeng tsa bolulo tse 567 Fora e ne e le 2.2 μg/g le 1.6 μg/g bakeng sa lintho tse amanang le Der f 1 le Der p 1 ka ho latellana, athe 95% e tsamaisanang le lipersente e ne e le 83.6 μg/g le 32.6 μg/g (Kirchner). le ba bang 2009). Letlapa la 4 le bontša mehloli e meholo e amanang le litšila tse khethiloeng tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo. Phapang e etsoa, haeba ho khoneha, hore na mehloli e teng ka tlung kapa ka ntle. Ho hlakile hore litšila tse teng matlong li tsoa mehloling e mengata, 'me ho ka ba thata ho tseba hore na mohloli o le mong kapa tse peli ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho pepeseha ho hoholo.
Letlapa la 4: Litšilafalo tse kholo matlong a nang le mehloli e amanang le tšimoloho ea ona; (O) e bontša mehloli e teng ka ntle le (I) mehloli e teng ka tlung
Setšoantšo sa 3: Pente e ka ba mohloli oa litšila tse fapaneng
