AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI NGEZINTO EZINGCOLISEKO EMAKHAYA AMAQINGQIWEYO
Amakhulu eekhemikhali kunye nezingcolisi ziye zalinganiswa kwindawo yokuhlala yangaphakathi. Injongo yeli candelo kukushwankathela idatha ekhoyo malunga nokuba yintoni ungcoliseko olukhoyo kumakhaya kunye nokugxilwa kwawo.
IINKCUKACHA NGOKUJONGA OKUNGCOLISI EMAKHAYA
Ukulala kunye nokuvezwa
Ukutyhileka kumakhaya kuyinxalenye enkulu yokuvezwa kungcoliseko olufumaneka emoyeni kubomi bomntu. Zinokubandakanya ukusuka kwi-60 ukuya kwi-95% ye-exposures yethu yonke yobomi, apho i-30% yenzeke xa silala. Ukubonakaliswa kunokuguqulwa ngokulawula imithombo yezinto ezingcolileyo, ukususwa kwazo kwendawo okanye ukubambisa kwindawo yokukhululwa, ukungena komoya jikelele kunye nomoya ongcolileyo, kunye nokucoca kunye nokucoca umoya. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide kwizinto ezingcolisa umoya ngaphakathi kwindlu kunokudala imingcipheko yeengxaki zempilo ezibukhali ezifana nokucaphuka okanye ukwanda kweempawu ze-asthma kunye ne-allergies, kwizifo ezingapheliyo ezifana neengxaki zentliziyo kunye nokuphefumla, kwaye kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokufa kwangaphambi kwexesha. Zininzi izinto ezingcolisa umoya kwindawo yangaphakathi, ezinje nge-phthalates eluthulini oluhleliyo kunye neziphazamisi ze-endocrine kwiscreen selanga, nangona ezi zingachatshazelwanga yimigangatho yokungena komoya, aziyi kugqunywa kule Technote.
Ngaphakathi / ngaphandle
Ukuvezwa kumakhaya kunemvelaphi eyahlukileyo. Izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezibandakanya oku kutyhileka zinemithombo ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Izingcolisi ezinemithombo engaphandle zigqobhoza kwimvulophu yesakhiwo ngeentanda, izithuba, kwiindawo zokubeka kunye nokuvuza, kunye neefestile ezivulekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokuphefumla. Ukutyhileka kwezi ngcoliseko nako kwenzeka ngaphandle kodwa kunexesha elifutshane kakhulu kunokuba sesichengeni ngaphakathi ngenxa yeendlela ezenziwa ngabantu (Klepeis et al. 2001). Kukho intaphane yemithombo yongcoliseko yangaphakathi. Imithombo yongcoliseko yangaphakathi inokuphuma rhoqo, ngamaxesha athile, kwaye ngamaxesha athile. Imithombo ibandakanya ifanitshala yasekhaya kunye neemveliso, imisebenzi yabantu, kunye nokutsha kwangaphakathi. Ukutyhileka kule mithombo yongcoliseko kwenzeka ngaphakathi endlini kuphela.
Imithombo yongcoliseko yangaphandle
Eyona mithombo yongcoliseko enemvelaphi yangaphandle ibandakanya ukutshiswa kwamafutha, izithuthi, iinguqu zomoya, kunye nemisebenzi yezityalo zezityalo. Imizekelo yezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhutshwayo ngenxa yezi nkqubo ziquka i-particulate matter, kuquka i-pollens; initrogen oxides; iikhompawundi eziphilayo ezifana netoluene, benzene, xylenes kunye nepolycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons; kunye ne-ozone kunye neemveliso zayo. Umzekelo okhethekileyo wongcoliso olunemvelaphi yangaphandle yiradon, igesi yendalo yeradioactive ephuma kweminye imihlaba egqobhoza kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo ngeentanda zemvulophu kunye nezinye izivulo. Umngcipheko wokuvezwa kwi-radon yimeko exhomekeke kwindawo kwisakhiwo sejoloji yesiza apho kwakhiwa khona isakhiwo. Unciphiso lweRadon aluzuxoxwa kumzimba weTechNote yangoku. Iindlela zokunciphisa i-radon, ezizimeleyo kwimigangatho ye-ventilation, ziye zaphandwa ngokucokisekileyo kwenye indawo (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Eyona mithombo yongcoliseko enemvelaphi yangaphakathi ibandakanya abantu (umz. i-bioeffluents) kunye nemisebenzi yabo enxulumene nococeko (umz. ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso ye-aerosol), ukucoca indlu (umz. ukusetyenziswa kweklorin kunye nezinye iimveliso zokucoca), ukulungiswa kokutya (umz. ukupheka amasuntswana akhutshwayo), njl. .; izixhobo zokwakha ezibandakanya ifanitshala kunye nezinto zokuhombisa (umz. ukukhutshwa kwe-formaldehyde kwifenitshala); ukutshaya icuba kunye neenkqubo zokutsha ezenzeka ngaphakathi endlwini, kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya (umz. izinto ezimele zingabikho emzimbeni). Ukuphathwa kakubi kofakelo olunjengokungena komoya ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye iinkqubo zokufudumeza nako kunokuba yimithombo ebalulekileyo yezingcolisi ezinemvelaphi ngaphakathi endlini.
Imithombo yongcoliseko yangaphakathi
Ungcoliseko olulinganisiweyo kumakhaya lushwankathelwa ngoku kulandelayo ukuchonga ezo bezikho kuyo yonke indawo, kunye nezo zinemilinganiselo ephezulu yokulinganisa kunye nokugxilwa kwencopho. Iimpawu ezibini ezichaza inqanaba longcoliseko zisetyenziselwa ukujongana nokuba sesichengeni okungapheliyo kunye nokumandundu. Kwiimeko ezininzi idatha elinganisiweyo ilinganiswa ngenani lemilinganiselo ethi kwiimeko ezininzi ibe kwinani lamakhaya. Ukhetho lusekelwe kwidatha echazwe nguLogue et al. (2011a) oye waphonononga iingxelo ezingama-79 waza waqulunqa ugcino-lwazi olubandakanya iinkcukacha-manani ezisisishwankathelo songcoliseko ngalunye oluxelwe kwezi ngxelo. Idatha yeLogue yafaniswa neengxelo ezimbalwa ezipapashwe kamva (uKlepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer and Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer and Beko 2015).
IINKCUKACHA NGOKUGQUMA KOMUNTU/UKUFUMANA
Iimeko ezithile ngaphakathi endlwini, umz. amaqondo okufuma okugqithisileyo achatshazelwa kukungena komoya, kusenokukhokelela kuphuhliso lokungunda olunokuthi lukhuphe izinto ezingcolisa umzimba eziquka iikhompawundi ze-organic, i-particle, i-allergens, ukungunda kunye nokungunda, kunye nezinye izingcolisi zebhayoloji, iintlobo ezosulelayo kunye ne-pathogens. Isiqulatho sokufuma esisemoyeni (ukufuma okuzalanayo) sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esilungisa ukutyhileka kwethu ezindlini. Ukufuma akufuneki kwaye akufuneki kuthathwe njengento engcolisayo. Nangona kunjalo, amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu okanye aphantsi kakhulu okufuma anokuluguqula utyhileko kunye/okanye anokuqalisa iinkqubo ezinokukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okuba sesichengeni. Yingakho ukufuma kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kumxholo wokuvezwa kumakhaya kunye nempilo. Abantu kunye nemisebenzi yabo ngaphakathi endlini idla ngokuba yeyona mithombo iphambili yokufuma ngaphakathi endlwini ngaphandle kokuba kukho naziphi na iziphene ezikhulu zokwakha ezibangela ukuvuza okanye ukungena kokufuma kumoya ongqongileyo. Ukufuma kunokungeniswa ngaphakathi endlwini ngokungena komoya okanye ngeenkqubo ezizinikeleyo zokungenisa umoya
IINKCUKACHA EZINGCACILEYO NGOKUNJONGO OKUNGCOLAYO
Uphononongo oluninzi lulinganise ukugxilwa kwangaphakathi kongcoliseko oluphuma emoyeni kwiindawo zokuhlala. Eyona khompawundi eguquguqukayo elinganiswe ngokuxhaphakileyo [eyadityaniswa kwaye yacwangciswa ngenani lophononongo ngendlela ehlayo] yaba: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] kunye [neacetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Itheyibhile 1 ibonisa ukukhethwa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ze-organic compounds ezivela kwi-Logue et al (2011), uphando oludibanisa idatha esuka kwizifundo ze-77 ezilinganisa ukungcola okungahambi emoyeni kumakhaya kumazwe athuthukileyo. Itheyibhile 1 inika ingxelo ye-weighted-mean concentration kunye ne-95th percentile concentration kwizifundo ezikhoyo kungcoliseko ngalunye. La manqanaba anokufaniswa nomlinganiselo olinganisiweyo we-volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) ngamanye amaxesha achazwe ngophando olwenziwa imilinganiselo kwizakhiwo. Iingxelo zamva nje ezivela kwi-Swedish stock stock show zithetha amanqanaba e-TVOC kwi-140 ukuya kwi-270 μg / m3 (i-Langer kunye ne-Becko 2013). Imithombo enokubakho ye-biquitous volatile organic compounds kunye ne-compounds ene-concentration ephezulu iboniswe kwiThebhile 4.
Itheyibhile 1: IiVOCs ezilinganiswe kwindawo zokuhlala ezinentsingiselo ephezulu kunye ne-95th yepesenti yoxinaniso kwi-μg/m³ (idatha esuka kwiLogue et al., 2011)1,2
Eyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu i-semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) [ihlanganiswe kwaye ilandelelwe ngenani lezifundo kwi-odolo ehlayo] yayiyi: naphthalene; i-pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) kuquka i-PBDE100, i-PBDE99, kunye ne-PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; benzo(a)pyrene, kunye nendeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Kukwakho nezinye ii-SVOC ezininzi ezilinganisiweyo kuquka ii-phthalate esters kunye ne-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons. kodwa ngenxa yeemfuno ezintsonkothileyo zocazululo azisoloko zilinganiswa kwaye zixelwa kuphela ngamaxesha athile. Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa ukukhethwa kwe-semi-volatile organic compounds kunye nemilinganiselo yokulinganisa intsingiselo yoxinaniso kuzo zonke izifundo ezikhoyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu oluphezulu kunye nenqanaba loxinaniso oluxeliweyo. Kunokuqatshelwa ukuba ugxininiso luyi-odolo enye yobukhulu obungaphantsi kunemeko yee-VOCs. Imithombo enokubakho ye-semi-volatile organic compounds kunye neekhompawundi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu zichazwe kwiThebhile 4.
Itheyibhile 2: Ii-SVOCs ezilinganiswe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinentsingiselo ephezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu (umlinganiselo ophezulu) ugxininiso kwi-μg/m3 (idatha esuka kwiLogue et al., 2011)1,2
Itheyibhile 3 ibonisa ugxininiso kunye ne-95 yepesenti kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezibandakanya i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kunye nomcimbi othile (PM) oneqhezu lesayizi elingaphantsi kwe-2.5 μm (PM2.5) kunye ne-ultrafine particles (UFP) kunye ubungakanani bungaphantsi kwe-0.1 μm, kunye ne-sulphur hexafluoride (SO2) kunye ne-ozone (O3). Imithombo enokubakho yolu ngcoliseko inikwe kwiTheyibhile yesi-4.
Itheyibhile 3: Ugxininiso longcoliseko olukhethiweyo olulinganiswa kwiindawo zokuhlala kwi-μg/m3 (idatha esuka kwiLogue et al. (2011a) noBeko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Umfanekiso 2: Umngundo kwigumbi lokuhlambela
Imithombo yongcoliseko lwebhayoloji
Kubekho ungcoliseko oluninzi lwebhayoloji olulinganisiweyo ezindlini ngakumbi kwizifundo zokungunda kunye nokufuma kumakhaya ahambelana nokwanda kokungunda kunye nomsebenzi webhaktheriya kunye nokukhululwa kwezinto ezimelene nazo kunye ne-mycotoxins. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-Candida, i-Aspergillus, i-Pennicillum, i-ergosterol, i-endotoxins, i-1-3β–d glucans. Ubukho bezilwanyana ezifuywayo okanye ukwanda kweentwala zothuli ezindlwini nako kunokubangela amanqanaba aphezulu ezinto ezingevani. Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwangaphakathi lwefungi kumakhaya ase-US, e-UK nase-Australia luye lwabonwa ukusuka kwi-102 ukuya kwi-103 i-colon forming units (CFU) nge-m3 kunye nokuphakama njenge-103 ukuya kwi-105 CFU / m3 ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezonakalisiweyo zokufuma (McLaughlin 2013). Amanqanaba aphakathi alinganisiweyo ezinto ezingevayo zezinja (Can f 1) kunye ne-allergens yekati (Fel d 1) kwizindlu zamaFrentshi zazingaphantsi komda wobungakanani ngokulandelelana kwe-1.02 ng/m3 kunye ne-0.18 ng/m3 ngelixa i-95% yoxinzelelo lwepesenti yayiyi-1.6 ng/m3 kunye ne-2.7 ng/m3 ngokulandelelanayo (Kirchner et al. 2009). Izinto ezimelana namantshontsho kumatrasi ezilinganiswe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingama-567 eFransi zaziyi-2.2 μg/g kunye ne-1.6 μg/g kwiDer f 1 kunye neDer p 1 ngokulandelelanayo, ngelixa amanqanaba epesenti angama-95 epesenti yayingama-83.6 μg/g kunye ne-32.6 μg/g (Kirchner et al. 2009). Uluhlu lwesi-4 lubonisa imithombo engundoqo eyayanyaniswa nezingcolisi ezikhethiweyo ezidweliswe ngasentla. Ukwahlula kwenziwa, ukuba kunokwenzeka, nokuba imithombo ibekwe ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle. Kucacile ukuba ungcoliseko oluhlala kwiindawo zokuhlala lusuka kwimithombo emininzi kwaye kuya kuba ngumceli mngeni ukuchonga umthombo omnye okanye emibini oyena nobangela wokuba sesichengeni esiphakamileyo.
Itheyibhile 4: Izingcolisi ezinkulu kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinemithombo enxulumene nemvelaphi yazo; (O) ibonisa imithombo yolwazi ekhoyo ngaphandle kunye (I) nemithombo ekhoyo ngaphakathi
Umzobo 3: Ipeyinti inokuba ngumthombo wongcoliseko olwahlukileyo
