Ukubuyisela umva kunokubangela intuthuzelo kunye neengxaki ze-IAQ
Abantu bachitha ixesha labo elininzi kwiindawo zokuhlala (Klepeis et al. 2001), ukwenza umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi ube yinkxalabo eyandayo. Kuye kwaqatshelwa ngokubanzi ukuba umthwalo wezempilo womoya wangaphakathi ubalulekile (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005). Imigangatho yangoku yokungena komoya isetelwe ukukhusela impilo kunye nokubonelela ngentuthuzelo kubahlali, kodwa uninzi luthembele kakhulu kumgwebo wobunjineli ngenxa yobukho obulinganiselweyo bezizathu zesayensi. Eli candelo liza kuchaza iindlela zangoku nezinokubakho zokuqikelela amazinga okugeleza afunekayo okungena komoya kwaye libonelele ngesishwankathelo semigangatho ebalulekileyo ekhoyo.
IMALI YABANTU KUNYE NEKHARBONI DIOXIDE
Iziseko zePettenkofer Zahl zemigangatho yokungena komoya
Ukubila kubonakala kungumthombo ophambili wevumba lomzimba omisela umgangatho womoya obonwayo wangaphakathi (Gids and Wouters, 2008). Amavumba adala ukungonwabi, njengoko umgangatho womoya olungileyo uhlala ubonwa njengokungabikho kwevumba. Kwiimeko ezininzi abahlali baqhelana namavumba anokuqondwa kakuhle ngumntu ongena kwigumbi. Isigwebo sepaneli yokuvavanya ukutyelela (uFanger et al. 1988) ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuqina kwevumba.
Ikhabhon diokside (CO2) ayingoyena mqhubi wempilo uphambili wokuvezwa komoya wangaphakathi kwiindawo zokuhlala. I-CO2 luphawu lwe-bioeffluents yabantu kwaye inokunxulumana nenkathazo yevumba. I-CO2 ibe sisiseko phantse zonke iimfuno zomoya kwizakhiwo ukususela kumsebenzi wePettenkofer (1858). Uye waqaphela ukuba ngelixa i-CO2 ingenabungozi kumanqanaba angaphakathi aqhelekileyo kwaye ingabonwa ngabantu, yayisisingcoliso esinokumetwa ukuba imigangatho yokungena komoya iyilwe ngokujikelezayo. Kolu phononongo, wenze isindululo esibizwa ngokuba yi-“PettekoferZahl” ye-1000 ppm njengowona mgangatho uphezulu we-CO2 ukuthintela amavumba kumanzi amdaka. Ucingele ugxininiso lwangaphandle olumalunga nama-500 ppm. Wacebisa ukunciphisa umahluko kwi-CO2 phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle ukuya kwi-500 ppm. Oku kulingana nomlinganiselo wokuhamba kumntu omdala omalunga ne-10 dm3/s ngomntu ngamnye. Esi sixa sisesisiseko semfuno zomoya kumazwe amaninzi. Kamva uYaglou (1937), uBouwman (1983), uCain (1983) kunye noFanger (1988) baqhube uphando olongezelelweyo malunga “nevumba lenkathazo eliqhutywa” indlela yokuphefumla esekelwe kwiCO2 njengesiphawuli.
Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi imida yeCO2 kwiindawo (Gids 2011)
Itheyibhile: Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi imida yeCO2 kwiindawo (Gids 2011)
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonisa ukuba i-CO2 ngokwayo inokuba nefuthe kwindlela abantu abaqhuba ngayo engqondweni (uSatish et al. 2012). Kwimeko apho ukusebenza kwabantu kuyeyona parameter ibaluleke kakhulu kumagumbi afana namagumbi okufundela, amagumbi okufundisa kunye nakwiimeko ezithile, amanqanaba eCO2 kufuneka amisele inqanaba lokungena komoya endaweni yenkathazo kunye/okanye intuthuzelo. Ukuze kuphuhliswe imigangatho esekelwe kwi-CO2 yokusebenza kwengqondo, umgangatho owamkelekileyo wokuvezwa kuya kufuneka usekwe. Ngokusekelwe kolu phononongo, ukugcina inqanaba elijikeleze i-1000 ppm kubonakala kungenakonakala ekusebenzeni (Satish et al. 2012)
ISISEKO SEMIGANGATHO YOKUFUMANA komoya IXESHA ELIZAYO
UKUPHUMA komoya WEMPILO
Izinto ezingcolisa umzimba zikhutshwa okanye zingene kwindawo apho abahlali bazisezele khona. Ukungena komoya kunika inketho enye yokususa ungcoliseko ukunciphisa utyhileko mhlawumbi ngokususa izinto ezingcolisa umoya kwindawo ephuma kuyo, ezinje ngee hoods, okanye ngokuhlambulula umoya kwikhaya ngokungenisa umoya wendlu yonke. Ukungenisa umoya ayisiyiyo yodwa inketho yokulawula ukunciphisa utyhileko kwaye isenokungabi sisixhobo esifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi.
Ukuze kuyilwe isicwangciso sokungena komoya okanye ungcoliseko olusekwe kwimpilo, kufuneka kubekho ukuqonda okucacileyo kongcoliseko lokulawula, imithombo yangaphakathi kunye namandla omthombo wezo zingcolisi, kunye namanqanaba amkelekileyo okuvezwa ekhaya. I-European Collaborative Action iphuhlise indlela yokumisela imfuneko yokungena komoya ukuze kuphunyezwe umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi wangaphakathi njengomsebenzi wolu ngcoliseko (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Ezona zingcolisi zibalulekileyo ngaphakathi endlini
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezibonakala ziqhuba imingcipheko yempilo engapheliyo eyayanyaniswa nokuvezwa komoya wangaphakathi zezi:
• Amasuntswana amahle (PM2.5)
• Umsi wecuba osetyenzisiweyo (SHS)
• Iradon
• Iozoni
• I-formaldehyde
• I-Acrolein
• Izingcolisi ezinxulumene nokungunda/nokufuma
Okwangoku akukho datha yaneleyo malunga namandla omthombo kunye negalelo lomthombo othile ekuvezweni kumakhaya ukuyila umgangatho wokungenisa umoya osekelwe kwimpilo. Kukho umahluko obonakalayo kwiimpawu zomthombo ukusuka ekhaya ukuya ekhaya kwaye isantya sokungena komoya esifanelekileyo kwikhaya kunokufuneka sithathele ingqalelo imithombo yangaphakathi kunye nokuziphatha komhlali. Lo ngummandla oqhubekayo wophando. Imigangatho yokungena komoya yexesha elizayo inokuxhomekeka kwiziphumo zempilo ukuseka amazinga aneleyo okungena komoya.
UKUPHUMA komoya UKUTHUTHUMELA
Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, izivumba zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthuzeleni nasekuphileni kakuhle. Enye inkalo yentuthuzelo yi-thermal comfort. Ukungena komoya kungaphembelela ukukhululeka kobushushu ngokuthutha apholileyo,
umoya oshushu, omanzi okanye owomileyo. Isiphithiphithi kunye nesantya somoya esibangelwa kukungena komoya sinokuba nefuthe ekucingeni ukuba ubumnandi bobushushu. Ukungena okuphezulu okanye amazinga okutshintsha umoya angadala ukungahambi kakuhle (i-Liddament 1996).
Ukubala amazinga okuphefumla afunekayo okuthuthuzela kunye nempilo kufuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo. I-Ventilation yokuthuthuzela ininzi isekelwe ekunciphiseni ivumba kunye nokulawula ukushisa / ukufuma, ngelixa impilo isicwangciso sisekelwe ekunciphiseni ukubonakaliswa. Isiphakamiso semigaqo yesenzo esidibeneyo (CEC 1992) kukubala ngokwahlukileyo umlinganiselo wokungenisa umoya ofunekayo ukuthuthuzela kunye nempilo. Iqondo eliphezulu lokungena komoya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kuyilo.
IMIGANGATHO EKHOYO YOKUPHUMULA
IMIGANGATHO YOKUPHUMELA YASEUNITED STATES: ASHRAE 62.2
Umgangatho wama-62.2 woMbutho waseMelika woBufudumezo, uFarisisa kunye neNjineli yoMoya (ASHRAE's) ngowona mgangatho owamkelwa ngokubanzi kwindawo yokuhlala eMelika. I-ASHRAE iphuhlise uMgangatho 62.2 “woMgangatho woMphefumlo kunye noMgangatho woMoya owamkelekileyo waNgaphakathi kwiZakhiwo zokuHlala eziPhakamileyo” ukujongana nemiba yomgangatho womoya wangaphakathi (IAQ) (ASHRAE 2010). I-ASHRAE 62.2 ngoku iyafuneka kwezinye iikhowudi zokwakha, ezifana neSihlokwana sama-24 saseCalifornia, kwaye ithathwa njengomgangatho woqheliselo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokonga amandla kunye nemibutho eqeqesha kwaye iqinisekise iikontraka zokusebenza kwekhaya. Umgangatho uchaza iqondo elipheleleyo, elikumgangatho wokuhlala wokungena komoya wangaphandle njengomsebenzi womgangatho womgangatho (indawo ebambeleneyo nezinto ezikhutshwayo) kunye nenani lamagumbi okulala (indawo ebambeleyo yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezihlala abantu) kwaye ifuna igumbi lokuhlambela kunye nokupheka iifeni ezikhupha umoya. Ingqwalasela yomgangatho ngokubanzi ithathwa njengesantya sokungena komoya jikelele. Olu gxininiso lusekwe kuluvo lokuba imingcipheko yangaphakathi iqhutywa yimithombo esoloko ikhutshwa, esasazwayo efana ne-formaldehyde evela kwifenitshala kunye ne-bioeffluents (kubandakanywa nevumba) ebantwini. Umgangatho ofunekayo wokungena komoya ngoomatshini bendawo yokuhlala uphela wawusekwe kwesona sigwebo silungileyo seengcaphephe kulo mmandla, kodwa ubungasekelwanga kulo naluphi na uhlalutyo lokuxinana kweekhemikhali ezingcolisekileyo okanye ezinye iinkxalabo zempilo ezithile.
IMIGANGATHO YOKUFUMANA komoya yaseYurophu
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zemigangatho yokungena komoya kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu. IDimitroulopoulou (2012) ibonelela ngesishwankathelo semigangatho ekhoyo kwifomathi yetafile kumazwe ali-14 (eBelgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) kunye Inkcazo yomzekelo kunye nezifundo zokulinganisa ezenziwa kwilizwe ngalinye. Onke amazwe achaza amaxabiso okugeleza kwindlu yonke okanye amagumbi athile ekhaya. Ukuhamba komoya kuchazwe kumgangatho omnye ubuncinane kula magumbi alandelayo: igumbi lokuhlala, igumbi lokulala, ikhitshi, igumbi lokuhlambela, indlu yangasese Uninzi lwemigangatho ekhankanyiweyo kuphela yomoya kwiseti yamagumbi.
Isiseko seemfuneko zokungena komoya siyahluka ngokwamazwe ngamazwe ngokweemfuno ezisekelwe kwinani labantu, indawo yomgangatho, inani lamagumbi, uhlobo lwegumbi, uhlobo lweyunithi okanye indibaniselwano ethile yala magalelo. UBrelih no-Olli (2011) imigangatho yokungenisa umoya edityanisiweyo kumazwe ali-16 eYurophu (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom). Basebenzisa isethi yamakhaya asemgangathweni ukuthelekisa iziphumo zokutshintshiselana komoya (AERs) ezibalwe kule migangatho. Bathelekisa amaxabiso afunekayo okuhamba komoya kwindlu yonke kunye nomsebenzi wokungena komoya. Amazinga afunekayo okungenisa umoya wendlu yonke avela kwi-0.23-1.21 ACH enexabiso eliphezulu eNetherlands kunye nelona liphantsi eBulgaria.
Ubuncinci bemigangatho yokukhupha i-hood ukusuka kwi-5.6-41.7 dm3 / s.
Ubuncinci bemilinganiselo yokukhupha kwizindlu zangasese ukusuka kwi-4.2-15 dm3 / s.
Ubuncinci bemilinganiselo yokukhupha ukusuka kumagumbi okuhlambela ukusuka kwi-4.2-21.7 dm3 / s.
Kubonakala kukho ukuvumelana okuqhelekileyo phakathi kwemigangatho emininzi yokuba izinga lokungena komoya lendlu yonke liyafuneka kunye namanqanaba awongezelelweyo aphezulu okungena komoya kumagumbi apho imisebenzi yokukhupha ungcoliseko inokuthi yenzeke, njengamakhitshi kunye negumbi lokuhlambela, okanye apho abantu bachitha uninzi lwexesha labo, elinjalo. njengamagumbi okuhlala kunye namagumbi okulala.
IMIGANGATHO EKWENZAYO
Ulwakhiwo olutsha lwendlu yakhiwe ngendlela ebonakala ngathi ihlangabezana neemfuno ezichazwe kwilizwe apho ikhaya lakhiwe khona. Kukhethwe izixhobo zokungenisa umoya ezihlangabezana namazinga afunekayo okuhamba. Amazinga okuhamba angachatshazelwa ngaphezu kwesixhobo esikhethiweyo. Uxinzelelo lwangasemva olusuka kwi-vent encanyathiselwe kwifeni enikiweyo, ufakelo olungafanelekanga kunye nezihluzi ezivaliweyo kunokubangela ukwehla kokusebenza kwabalandeli. Okwangoku akukho mfuneko yokugunyazisa nokuba kukwimigangatho yase-US okanye yaseYurophu. Ukugunyaziswa kunyanzelekile eSweden ukususela ngo-1991. Ukugunyaziswa yinkqubo yokulinganisa owona msebenzi wokwakha ukujonga ukuba ngaba bayahlangabezana neemfuno (Stratton and Wray 2013). Ukugunyazisa kufuna izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo kwaye kunokubonwa njengeendleko ezinqandekileyo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kogunyaziso, ukuqukuqela okukokwenyani kungangahambelani neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezimiselweyo okanye eziyiliweyo. UStratton et al (2012) walinganisa amazinga okuhamba kwi-15 California, amakhaya ase-US kwaye wafumanisa ukuba yi-1 kuphela edibana ne-ASHRAE 62.2 Standard ngokupheleleyo. Imilinganiselo kulo lonke elaseYurophu nayo ibonise ukuba amakhaya amaninzi awaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho emiselweyo (Dimitroulopoulou 2012). Ukugunyazisa kufuneka kongezwe kwimigangatho ekhoyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwezindlu.
Inqaku lokuqala
