ISIBAKAZELO SOKUNGCOLISA EZINDLINI EZIKALWA
Amakhulu amakhemikhali nokungcola kuye kwalinganiswa endaweni yokuhlala yasendlini. Umgomo walesi sigaba uwukufingqa idatha ekhona yokuthi yiziphi izinto ezingcolisayo ezikhona ezindlini kanye nokugxila kwazo.
IDATHA YOKUGXILA KOKUNGCOLISI EMAKHAYA
Ukulala nokuchayeka
Ukuchayeka ezindlini kuyingxenye enkulu yokuchayeka kokungcolisa umoya okutholakala empilweni yomuntu. Angakha ukusuka ku-60 kuye ku-95% wesamba sokuchayeka empilweni yethu, okungama-30% akho okwenzeka lapho silala. Ukuchayeka kungashintshwa ngokulawula imithombo yokungcola, ukususwa kwakho kwendawo noma ukuvaleka endaweni yokukhululwa, ukungena komoya okuvamile komoya ongangcolisiwe, nokuhlunga kanye nokuhlanza umoya. Ukuchayeka kwesikhathi esifushane nesikhathi eside kokungcolisa umoya ngaphakathi endlini kungadala izingozi zezinkinga zempilo ezinzima njengokucasuka noma ukwanda kwezimpawu zesifuba somoya kanye ne-allergies, ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona ezifana nezinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi neyokuphefumula, futhi kunganyusa ingcuphe yokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kunezinto eziningi ezingcolisa umoya endaweni yasendlini, njengama-phthalates othulini olulungisiwe kanye neziphazamisi ze-endocrine kusikrini selanga, nokho njengoba lezi zingathintwa amazinga okungenisa umoya, ngeke zimbozwe kule Technote.
Ngaphakathi / ngaphandle
Ukuchayeka ezindlini kunemvelaphi ehlukene. Izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezihlanganisa lokhu kuchayeka kunemithombo ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezinemithombo engaphandle zingena emvilophini yebhilidi ngemifantu, izikhala, izindawo ezikhala nokuvuza, kanye namafasitela avuliwe nezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya. Ukuchayeka kulokhu kungcola kwenzeka ngaphandle kodwa kunesikhathi esifushane kakhulu kunokuchayeka endlini ngenxa yamaphethini omsebenzi womuntu (Klepeis et al. 2001). Kunemithombo eminingi engcolisayo yasendlini futhi. Imithombo engcolisayo yasendlini ingaphuma njalo, ngezikhathi ezithile, nangezikhathi ezithile. Imithombo ihlanganisa impahla yasendlini nemikhiqizo, imisebenzi yabantu, nokusha kwangaphakathi. Ukuchayeka kule mithombo engcolisayo kwenzeka ngaphakathi endlini kuphela.
Imithombo engcolisayo yangaphandle
Imithombo eyinhloko yezinto ezingcolisayo ezinemvelaphi yangaphandle ihlanganisa ukushiswa kwamafutha, ithrafikhi, ukuguqulwa komkhathi, nemisebenzi yezitshalo zezitshalo. Izibonelo zezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhishwa ngenxa yalezi zinqubo zihlanganisa i-particle, kuhlanganise nempova; i-nitrogen oxides; izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezifana ne-toluene, benzene, xylenes nama-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons; kanye ne-ozone nemikhiqizo yayo. Isibonelo esiqondile sokungcola okunemvelaphi yangaphandle i-radon, igesi yemvelo ekhipha imisebe ekhishwa kweminye inhlabathi engena esakhiweni sesakhiwo ngemifantu yemvilophu nezinye izintuba. Ingozi yokuchayeka ku-radon yisimo esincike endaweni esakhiweni sejoloji sesayithi lapho kwakhiwa khona isakhiwo. Ukunciphisa i-radon ngeke kuxoxwe ngakho emzimbeni we-TechNote yamanje. Izindlela zokunciphisa i-radon, ezizimele ezilinganisweni zokungenisa umoya, ziphenywe kahle kwezinye izindawo (ASTM 2007, WHO 2009). Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola okusuka endlini ihlanganisa abantu (isb ama-bioeffluents) kanye nemisebenzi yabo ehlobene nenhlanzeko (isb. ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo we-aerosol), ukuhlanza indlu (isb. ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine neminye imikhiqizo yokuhlanza), ukulungisa ukudla (isb ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiyana zokupheka), njll. .; izinto zokwakha ezihlanganisa ifenisha kanye nezinto zokuhlobisa (isb. ukukhishwa kwe-formaldehyde kufenisha); ukubhema ugwayi kanye nezinqubo zokusha ezenzeka endlini, kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo (isib. izinto ezingezwani nomzimba). Ukungaphathwa kahle kokufaka njengokungena komoya okunganakekelwa kahle noma amasistimu okushisa nakho kungaba imithombo ebalulekile yokungcola okunomsuka wangaphakathi endlini.
Imithombo engcolisayo yasendlini
Ukungcola okukalwa ezindlini kufinyezwa kulokhu okulandelayo ukuze kuhlonzwe lezo ebezitholakala yonke indawo, kanye nalezo ezinesilinganiso esiphezulu esilinganisiwe nokugxilisa okuphezulu. Izinkomba ezimbili ezichaza izinga lokungcola zisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nakho kokubili ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona kanye nokubi. Ezimweni eziningi idatha elinganisiwe ikalwa ngenani lezilinganiso okuthi ezimweni eziningi kube ngenani lamakhaya. Ukukhethwa kusekelwe kudatha ebikwe yi-Logue et al. (2011a) obuyekeze imibiko engama-79 futhi wahlanganisa imininingwane egciniwe okuhlanganisa nezibalo ezifinyeziwe zokungcola ngakunye okubikwe kule mibiko. Idatha ye-Logue yaqhathaniswa nemibiko embalwa eyanyatheliswa kamuva (u-Klepeis et al. 2001; Langer et al. 2010; Beko et al. 2013; Langer and Beko 2013; Derbez et al. 2014; Langer and Beko 2015).
IDATHA YOKUSVUMA KWESIKHUMBA/UMSAKA
Izimo ezithile endlini, isb. amazinga womswakamo owedlulele athintwa umoya, angaholela ekukhuleni kwesikhunta esingase sikhiphe ukungcola okuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo, izinhlayiya, izinto ezingezwani nazo, isikhunta kanye nezibungu, nezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo, izinhlobo ezithathelwanayo namagciwane. Umswakamo osemoyeni (umswakama ohlobene) uyi-ejenti ebalulekile elungisa ukuchayeka kwethu ezindlini. Umswakama awunjalo futhi akufanele ubhekwe njengokungcola. Kodwa-ke, amazinga omswakamo aphezulu kakhulu noma aphansi kakhulu angashintsha ukuchayeka futhi/noma aqalise izinqubo ezingaholela emazingeni okuchayeka aphakeme. Yingakho umswakama kufanele ucatshangelwe kumongo wokuchayeka ezindlini nempilo. Abantu nemisebenzi yabo yasendlini ngokuvamile bayimithombo eyinhloko yomswakama ongaphakathi ngaphandle uma kukhona amaphutha amakhulu okwakha abangela ukuvuza noma ukungena komswakamo ovela emoyeni ozungezile. Umswakama ungabuye ulethwe endlini ngokungena emoyeni noma ngezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezizinikele
ULWAZI OMKHAWULO NGOKUGXILA KOKUNGCOLISA EMOYENI
Ucwaningo oluningana lulinganise ukugxilisana kwasendlini kokungcolisa umoya ezindaweni zokuhlala. Izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ezikalwa kakhulu [eziqoqwe futhi zahlelwa ngenani lezifundo ngendlela eyehlayo] yilezi: [toluene], [benzene], [ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes], [formaldehyde, styrene], [1,4] -dichlorobenzene], [o-xylene], [alpha-pinene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene], [d-limonene, acetaldehyde], [1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, methylene chloride], [1,3-butadiene, decane] kanye ne- [acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ether]. Ithebula 1 libonisa ukukhethwa kwezinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo ezivela ku-Logue et al (2011), ucwaningo oluhlanganise idatha evela ezifundweni ezingu-77 ezikala ukungcola okungekona kwebhayoloji okutholakala emoyeni emakhaya emazweni anezimboni. Ithebula 1 libika ukugxila kwesilinganiso sesisindo kanye nokugxiliswa kwephesenti elingu-95 kusukela ezifundweni ezitholakalayo zokungcola ngakunye. Lawa mazinga angafaniswa nokugxilwa okulinganiselwe kwengqikithi yezinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo (ama-TVOC) ngezinye izikhathi ezibikwa ngocwaningo olwenziwa izilinganiso ezakhiweni. Imibiko yakamuva evela embukisweni wesitoko sesakhiwo sase-Swedish isho amazinga e-TVOC ku-140 kuya ku-270 μg/m3 (Langer no-Becko 2013). Imithombo engaba khona yezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo yonke indawo kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kuvezwe kuThebula 4.
Ithebula 1: Ama-VOC akalwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nokugxiliswa kwephesenti elingu-95 ku-μg/m³ (idatha evela ku-Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Amakhompiyutha angama-semi-volatile organic (SVOCs) avame kakhulu [aqoqwe futhi ahlelwe ngenani lezifundo ngohlelo lokwehla] kwakuyi: naphthalene; i-pentabromodiphenylethers (PBDEs) ehlanganisa i-PBDE100, i-PBDE99, ne-PBDE47; BDE 28; BDE 66; i-benzo(a)pyrene, kanye ne-indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. Kukhona namanye ama-SVOC amaningi akalwa okuhlanganisa i-phthalate esters nama-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons. kodwa ngenxa yezidingo zokuhlaziya eziyinkimbinkimbi azilingani ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibikwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. Ithebula lesi-2 libonisa ukukhethwa kwezinhlanganisela ze-organic eziguquguqukayo ezinesilinganiso sokugxiliswa kwesilinganiso kusuka kuzo zonke izifundo ezitholakalayo kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kobubanzi kanye nezinga lokuhlushwa okubikiwe. Kungaqashelwa ukuthi ukugxilisa ingqondo okungenani ku-oda elilodwa lobukhulu eliphansi kunesimo sama-VOC. Imithombo engaba khona yezinhlanganisela ezivamile ze-semi-volatile organic kanye nezinhlanganisela ezinokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kuvezwe kuThebula lesi-4.
Ithebula 2: Ama-SVOC akalwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ezinencazelo ephakeme kakhulu nephezulu yobubanzi(okukalwe okuphezulu) kokugxiliswa ku-μg/m3 (idatha evela ku-Logue et al., 2011)1,2
Ithebula lesi-3 libonisa ukugxila kanye nephesenti elingu-95 lokunye ukungcola okuhlanganisa i-carbon monoxide (CO), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), kanye nodaba oluthile (PM) olunosayizi omncane ongaphansi kuka-2.5 μm (PM2.5) kanye nezinhlayiya ze-ultrafine (UFP) usayizi ongaphansi ngo-0.1 μm, kanye ne-sulphur hexafluoride (SO2) ne-ozone (O3). Imithombo engaba khona yalokhu kungcola inikezwe kuThebula lesi-4.
Ithebula 3: Ukugxiliswa kokungcola okukhethiwe kukalwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ku-μg/m3 (idatha evela ku-Logue et al. (2011a) kanye no-Beko et al. (2013))1,2,3
Umfanekiso 2: Isikhunta endlini yokugezela
Imithombo yezinto eziphilayo ezingcolisayo
Kube khona ukungcola okuningi kwebhayoloji okukalwa ezindlini ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwesikhunta kanye nomswakama ezindlini ezihambisana nokwanda kwesikhunta kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane kanye nokukhululwa kwezinto ezingezwani nezifo kanye nama-mycotoxins. Izibonelo zifaka i-Candida, i-Aspergillus, i-Pennicillum, i-ergosterol, i-endotoxins, i-1-3β–d glucans. Ukuba khona kwezilwane ezifuywayo noma ukwanda kwezibungu zothuli lwasendlini nakho kungaholela emazingeni aphezulu ezinto ezingezwani nomzimba. Ukugxiliswa okujwayelekile kwangaphakathi kwesikhunta emakhaya ase-US, UK nase-Australia kubonakale kusuka ku-102 kuya ku-103 amayunithi okwenza ikholoni (CFU) nge-m3 ngayinye futhi ukuphakama ku-103 kuya ku-105 CFU/m3 ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezilimele umswakama (McLaughlin 2013). Amaleveli amaphakathi alinganisiwe wezinto ezingezwani nezinja (Can f 1) kanye nezinto ezingezwani nekati (Fel d 1) ezindlini zesiFulentshi ayengaphansi komkhawulo womthamo ngokulandelana kwawo u-1.02 ng/m3 kanye no-0.18 ng/m3 kuyilapho ukugxiliswa kwephesenti engu-95% kungu-1.6 ng/m3 no-2.7 ng/m3 ngokulandelana (Kirchner et al. 2009). Izifo ezingezwani nezimbuzane kumatilasi zikalwa ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingu-567 e-France zazingu-2.2 μg/g no-1.6 μg/g ku-Der f 1 kanye ne-Der p 1 izinto ezingezwani nazo ngokulandelana, kuyilapho amazinga ephesenti angu-95% ayengu-83.6 μg/g no-32.6 μg/g (Kirchner et al. 2009). Ithebula lesi-4 libonisa imithombo emikhulu ehlobene nezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhethiwe ezibalwe ngenhla. Kwenziwa umehluko, uma kungenzeka, ukuthi imithombo itholakala endlini noma ngaphandle. Kuyacaca ukuthi ukungcola ezindaweni zokuhlala kuvela emithonjeni eminingi futhi kungaba inselele ukuhlonza umthombo owodwa noma emibili okuyiyona ebangela ukuchayeka okuphakeme.
Ithebula 4: Ukungcola okukhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala ezinemithombo ehlobene nemvelaphi yazo; (O) ikhombisa imithombo ekhona ngaphandle kanye (I) nemithombo ekhona ngaphakathi endlini
Umfanekiso 3: Upende ungaba umthombo wokungcola okuhlukahlukene
