Ukuhlelwa kabusha kungase kubangele ukunethezeka kanye nezinkinga ze-IAQ
Abantu bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi besezindlini (Klepeis et al. 2001), okwenza izinga lomoya wasendlini libe ukukhathazeka okukhulayo. Kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi ukuthi umthwalo wezempilo womoya ongaphakathi ubalulekile (Edwards et al. 2001; de Oliveira et al.2004; Weisel et al. 2005). Izindinganiso zamanje zokungenisa umoya zihlelelwe ukuvikela impilo futhi zinikeze izakhamuzi induduzo, kodwa iningi lithembele kakhulu ekwahluleleni kobunjiniyela ngenxa yokuba khona okulinganiselwe kwezizathu zesayensi. Lesi sigaba sizochaza izindlela zamanje nezingenzeka zokulinganisa amazinga okugeleza adingekayo okungenisa umoya futhi sinikeze umbono wamazinga abalulekile akhona.
AMANZI ABANTU KANYE NEKHABONI DIOXIDE
Izisekelo zePettenkofer Zahl zamazinga okungenisa umoya
Ukujuluka kubonakala kuwumthombo wephunga lomzimba oyinhloko onquma ikhwalithi yomoya wasendlini (Gids and Wouters, 2008). Iphunga lidala ukungakhululeki, njengoba izinga lomoya elihle livame ukubonwa njengokungabikho kwephunga. Ezimweni eziningi abahlali bajwayele ukujwayela iphunga elizwakala kahle ngumuntu ongena ekamelweni. Ukwahlulela kwephaneli yokuhlola evakashelayo (Fanger et al. 1988) kungasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukushuba kwephunga.
I-Carbon dioxide (CO2) ayisona isishayeli sezempilo esikhulu sokuchayeka komoya endlini ezindaweni zokuhlala. I-CO2 iwuphawu lwezinto eziphilayo ezisetshenziswa abantu futhi ingahlotshaniswa nenkathazo yephunga. I-CO2 ibe yisisekelo sazo zonke izidingo zokungena komoya ezakhiweni kusukela emsebenzini kaPettenkofer (1858). Wabona ukuthi nakuba i-CO2 ingenabungozi emazingeni avamile asendlini futhi ingabonwa abantu, kwaba ukungcola okulinganisekayo ukuthi amazinga okungenisa umoya angaklanywa nxazonke. Kulolu cwaningo, uphakamise lokho okubizwa nge-“PettekoferZahl” ka-1000 ppm njengezinga eliphezulu le-CO2 ukuvimbela iphunga elivela kumanzi asetshenziswa abantu. Ucabange ukugxila kwangaphandle okungaba ngu-500 ppm. Weluleke ukuthi kukhawulwe umehluko ku-CO2 phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle ube ngu-500 ppm. Lokhu kulingana nezinga lokugeleza kumuntu omdala okungaba ngu-10 dm3/s ngomuntu ngamunye. Lesi samba siseyisisekelo sezidingo zokungenisa umoya emazweni amaningi. Kamuva u-Yaglou (1937), u-Bouwman (1983), u-Cain (1983) kanye no-Fanger (1988) benze ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokungenisa umoya “eqhutshwa yiphunga elimnandi” esekelwe ku-CO2 njengophawu.
Imikhawulo ye-CO2 evame ukusetshenziswa ezikhaleni (Gids 2011)
Ithebula: Imikhawulo ye-CO2 evame ukusetshenziswa ezikhaleni (Gids 2011)
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi i-CO2 ngokwayo ingase ibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kwabantu (Satish et al. 2012). Esimeni lapho ukusebenza kwabantu kuyipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu emakamelweni afana namagumbi okufundela, amagumbi okufundisa ngisho kwezinye izimo izindawo zokusebenza, amazinga e-CO2 kufanele anqume izinga lokungena komoya kunokuba inkathazo kanye/noma ukunethezeka. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindinganiso ezisekelwe ku-CO2 zokusebenza kwengqondo, izinga elamukelekayo lokuchayeka kuzodingeka lisungulwe. Ngokusekelwe kulolu cwaningo, ukugcina izinga elizungeze i-1000 ppm kubonakala kungenakho ukonakala ekusebenzeni (Satish et al. 2012)
ISISEKELO SAMAZINGA ESIZAYO SOKWENZA komoya
UKUVULA komoya WEMPILO
Izinto ezingcolisayo zikhishelwa ngaphakathi noma zingene endaweni lapho abahlezi khona bese behogela khona. Ukungenisa komoya kunikeza inketho eyodwa yokukhipha ukungcola ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvezwa ngokususa ukungcola emthonjeni, njengama-cooker hood, noma ngokuhlambulula umoya ekhaya ngokungenisa umoya endlini yonke. Ukungenisa umoya akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokulawula yokunciphisa ukuchayeka futhi kungase kungabi ithuluzi elilungile ezimeni eziningi.
Ukuze uklame isu lokungena komoya noma lokungcola elisekelwe kwezempilo, kufanele kube nokuqonda okucacile kokungcola okufanele kulawulwe, imithombo yasendlini namandla omthombo walokho kungcola, namazinga amukelekayo okuchayeka ekhaya. I-European Collaborative Action yakha indlela yokunquma isidingo sokungenisa umoya ukuze kuzuzwe ikhwalithi yomoya yasendlini enhle njengomsebenzi walokhu kungcola (Bienfait et al. 1992).
Ukungcola okubaluleke kakhulu endlini
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezibonakala ziqhuba ubungozi bezempilo obungapheli obuhambisana nokuchayeka emoyeni wasendlini yilezi:
• Izinhlayiya ezinhle (PM2.5)
• Intuthu kagwayi kagwayi (SHS)
• Iradoni
• I-ozone
• I-Formaldehyde
• I-Acrolein
• Ukungcola okuhlobene nesikhunta/umswakama
Okwamanje kunedatha enganele mayelana namandla omthombo kanye neminikelo yomthombo ethile ekuchayekeni ezindlini ukuze kudizayinwe izinga lokungenisa umoya elisekelwe kwezempilo. Kunokwehluka okukhulu ezicini zomthombo ukusuka ekhaya kuye ekhaya futhi izinga elifanele lokungenisa umoya wekhaya kungase kudingeke licabangele imithombo yasendlini nokuziphatha komuntu ongaphakathi. Lena indawo eqhubekayo yocwaningo. Izindinganiso zokungenisa umoya esikhathini esizayo zingancika emiphumeleni yezempilo ukuze kutholwe amazinga okungena komoya anele.
UKUVAKALISA komoya UKUZE UDUDUZE
Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, iphunga lingadlala indima ebalulekile ekududuzeni nasenhlalakahleni. Esinye isici sokududuza ukunethezeka okushisayo. Ukungena komoya kungathinta ukunethezeka kokushisa ngokuhambisa okupholile,
umoya oshisayo, onomswakama noma owomile. Isiyaluyalu nesivinini somoya esibangelwa ukushaywa umoya kungaba nomthelela kulokho okucatshangwa ukuthi ukunethezeka kokushisa. Ukungena okuphezulu noma amazinga okushintsha umoya angadala ukungakhululeki (Liddament 1996).
Ukubala amazinga okungena komoya adingekayo ukuze uthole ukunethezeka nempilo kudinga izindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ukungena komoya okunethezeka kakhulu kusekelwe ekunciphiseni iphunga nokulawula izinga lokushisa/umswakama, kanti kwezempilo isu lisekelwe ekwehliseni ukuchayeka. Isiphakamiso sezinkombandlela zesenzo esihlanganisiwe (CEC 1992) siwukubala ngokwehlukana izinga lokungena komoya elidingekayo ukuze kube nokunethezeka nempilo. Izinga eliphezulu lokungena komoya kufanele lisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni.
AMAZINGA OKUPHUMELA OKUKHONA KHONA
E-UNITED STATES AMAZINGA OKUVAKALISA komoya: ASHRAE 62.2
I-American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineer's (ASHRAE's) Standard 62.2 iyindinganiso eyamukelwa kabanzi yendawo yokuhlala yokungenisa umoya e-United States. I-ASHRAE ithuthukise Okujwayelekile 62.2 “Ukungenisa umoya kanye Nekhwalithi Yomoya Yangaphakathi Eyamukelekayo Ezakhiweni Zokuhlala Ezisezingeni Eliphansi” ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba zekhwalithi yomoya wangaphakathi (IAQ) (ASHRAE 2010). I-ASHRAE 62.2 manje iyadingeka kwamanye amakhodi wokwakha, njengeSihloko sama-24 sase-California, futhi ithathwa njengezinga lenqubo ezinhlelweni eziningi zokonga amandla kanye nezinhlangano eziqeqesha futhi ziqinisekise osonkontileka abasebenza ekhaya. Izinga licacisa inani eliphelele, lezinga lokuhlala lezinga lokungena komoya wangaphandle njengomsebenzi wendawo yesitezi (indawo esetshenziswayo yokukhipha izinto ezibonakalayo) kanye nenani lamagumbi okulala (indawo ebambele indawo ephumayo ehlobene) futhi idinga indawo yokugezela neyokupheka abalandeli bakagesi. Ukugxila kwezinga ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengenani eliphelele lokungena komoya. Lokhu kugcizelelwa kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi ubungozi ngaphakathi endlini buqhutshwa imithombo ehlala ikhishwa, esabalalisiwe njenge-formaldehyde evela kufenisha kanye nama-bioeffluents (okuhlanganisa nephunga) avela kubantu. Izinga elidingekayo lokungena komoya wemishini yendlu yonke lalisekelwe ekunqumeni okungcono kakhulu kochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, kodwa alizange lisekelwe kunoma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa kokugxila kokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali noma okunye ukukhathazeka okuqondene nezempilo.
AMAZINGA E-EUROPEEN VENTILATION
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindinganiso zokungenisa umoya emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. I-Dimitroulopoulou (2012) ihlinzeka ngesifinyezo samazinga akhona ngefomethi yethebula emazweni ayi-14 (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) kanye incazelo yezifundo zokumodela nezilinganiso ezenziwa ezweni ngalinye. Wonke amazwe acacisiwe amanani okugeleza endlu yonke noma amagumbi athile ekhaya. Ukugeleza komoya kucaciswe okungenani ezingeni elilodwa kumagumbi alandelayo: igumbi lokuhlala, ikamelo lokulala, ikhishi, igumbi lokugezela, indlu yangasese Amazinga amaningi ashiwo kuphela umoya weqoqo elincane lamakamelo.
Isisekelo sezidingo zokungenisa umoya siyahlukahluka kuye ngamazwe nezimfuneko ezisekelwe enanini labantu, indawo ephansi, inani lamakamelo, uhlobo lwegumbi, uhlobo lweyunithi noma inhlanganisela ethile yalezi zinto ezifakwayo. I-Brelih and Olli (2011) izilinganiso zokungenisa umoya ezihlanganisiwe zamazwe angu-16 ase-Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, United Kingdom). Basebenzise isethi yezindlu ezijwayelekile ukuze baqhathanise amanani okushintshaniswa komoya aba umphumela (AERs) abalwe kusukela kulawa mazinga. Baqhathanisa amanani okugeleza komoya adingekayo endlini yonke kanye nomsebenzi wokungena komoya. Amazinga adingekayo wokungenisa umoya wendlu yonke asuka ku-0.23-1.21 ACH anamanani aphakeme kakhulu e-Netherlands naphansi kakhulu e-Bulgaria.
Amazinga aphansi okukhipha i-hood asukela ku-5.6-41.7 dm3/s.
Amazinga aphansi wokukhipha umoya ezindlini zangasese ayesukela ku-4.2-15 dm3/s.
Izilinganiso zokuqeda ezincane eziphuma ezindlini zokugezela zazisukela ku-4.2-21.7 dm3/s.
Kubonakala kunokuvumelana okujwayelekile phakathi kwezindinganiso eziningi zokuthi izinga lokungena komoya lendlu yonke liyadingeka namazinga engeziwe aphezulu okungenisa umoya emakamelweni lapho kungenzeka khona imisebenzi yokukhipha ukungcola, njengamakhishi nezindlu zangasese, noma lapho abantu bechitha khona isikhathi sabo esiningi, njengamakamelo okuhlala namagumbi okulala.
AMAZINGA ENKONZO
Ukwakhiwa kwendlu entsha kwakhiwe ngokusobala ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezishiwo ezweni lapho ikhaya lakhiwe khona. Imishini yokufaka umoya iyakhethwa ehlangabezana namazinga okugeleza adingekayo. Izilinganiso zokugeleza zingathintwa okungaphezu nje kwedivayisi ekhethiwe. Ukucindezela kwasemuva okuvela endaweni exhunywe kufeni ethile, ukufakwa okungafanele nezihlungi ezivalekile kungase kubangele ukwehla kokusebenza kwabalandeli. Okwamanje asikho isidingo sokuthunywa kumazinga ase-US noma aseYurophu. Ukugunyazwa kuyisibopho e-Sweden kusukela ngo-1991. Ukugunyaza inqubo yokulinganisa ukusebenza kwesakhiwo kwangempela ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ziyahlangabezana yini nezimfuneko (Stratton and Wray 2013). Ukuthumela kudinga izinsiza ezengeziwe futhi kungase kubhekwe njengezindleko ezenqatshelwe. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokugunyazwa, ukuhamba kwangempela kungase kungahlangabezani namanani anqunyiwe noma aklanyelwe. U-Stratton et al (2012) ulinganise amazinga okugeleza emakhaya angu-15 e-California, e-US futhi wathola ukuthi 1 kuphela ohlangabezana ne-ASHRAE 62.2 Standard ngokuphelele. Izilinganiso kulo lonke elaseYurophu nazo zibonise ukuthi amakhaya amaningi ahluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezinqunyiwe (Dimitroulopoulou 2012) . Ukugunyazwa kufanele kwengezwe kumazinga akhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwezindlu.
Isihloko sokuqala
